GEN Chap1 INTRODUCTION - Student
GEN Chap1 INTRODUCTION - Student
GEN Chap1 INTRODUCTION - Student
Chapter 1 – General
introductions
Examples
Hemophilia is the genetic defect
in human when blood clothing is
deficient leading to the
spontaneous bleeding.
deletion
http://sciencecases.lib.buffalo.edu/cs/files/hemo.pdf
What is Genetics?
Science studies:genes, genetic variation and
heredity in organisms
The importance of genetics
Demonstrate the roles of genes and how they
affect organism’s life and health
Started with domestication, now genetics has
contributed to the improvement of plants and
animals by engineering and propagation.
Genetics also plays role in pharmaceutical industry
where drugs, food additives and bio-products are
genetically produced from bacteria, fungi… to
make them efficient producers in industry.
Understanding in genetics helps physicians
recognize many gene disorders… that finally lead
to the development of therapies…
Division of genetics
Transmission genetics – study how traits are
passed from one generation to the next.
Molecular genetics – study the chemical nature
of gene and gene products.
Population genetics – study the genetic
composition of the group of individuals from the
same species.
Transmission
genetics Molecular
genetics
Population
genetics
The rise of science of
genetics
Domestication and agriculture recorded the
first understanding of genetics
Selection of the good trait for next crop
Many plants and animals were products of
domestication: wheat, pea, lentil, barley, dog,
goat, sheep.
Many products were produced by simple
crossing making them more variable.
The early written records
Hemophilia inherited through mother
Human reproduction through pangenesis
hypothesis
The rise of modern genetics
The discovery of cell under simple microscope
by Robert Hook (1653-1703)
Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) reported that
plants re- produce sexually by using pollen from
the male sex cells
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) discovered the
basic principles of heredity
Matthis Jacob Schleiden (1804–1881) and
Theodor Schwann (1810–1882) proposed the
concept of the cell theory in 1839
Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) put forth the
theory of evolution through natural selection
and published his ideas in On the Origin of
Species in 1856
WalterFlemming(1843 – 1905) observed the
division of chromosomes in 1879 and
published a superb description of mitosis
The twentieth-century genetics
Walter Sutton (1877–1916) proposed in 1902
that genes are located on chromosomes.
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866 – 1945) discovered
the first genetic mutant of fruit flies in 1910 and
used fruit flies to unravel many details of trans-
mission genetics
James Watson (b. 1928) and Francis Crick (b.
1916) described the three-dimensional structure
of DNA in 1953, ushering in the era of molecular
genetics.
The future of genetics
………
http://margreetdeheer.com/eng/science.html
The fundamental concepts of
genetics
Cells are of two basic types: eukaryotic and
prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear
membrane and posses no membrane-
bounded cell organelles, whereas eukaryotic
cell are more complex, possessing a nucleus
and membrane-bounded organeles.
The gene is the fundamental unit of
heredity. Gene is the unit of information that
encodes a genetic characteristics
Genes come in multiple forms called alleles.
A gene that specifies a characteristic may
exist in multiple forms called alleles
Genes confer phenotypes: genes code
for the traits, along with the environmental
factors, determine phenotypes. Genes are
inherited but not the phenotype.
Genetic information is carried in DNA
and RNA.
Genes are located on chromosomes.
Chromosomes are separated through the
process of mitosis and meiosis.
Genetic information is transferred from
DNA to RNA to protein
Mutations are permanent, heritable
changes in genetic information
Some traits are affected by multiple
factors. The human height is affected by
17 regions in genome (by genome wide
screening).
Evolution is genetic change
1. General introduction
2. Cell reproductions
3. Basic principles of inheritance – Mendel inheritance
4. Extension of Mendel inheritance
5. Linked gene inheritance
6. Genetic material /chromosome structure and variation
7. From gene to protein – DNA replication and
transcription
8. From gene to protein – RNA processing
Midterm exam
9. From gene to protein – genetic code and translation.
10. Regulation of gene expression.
11. Recombinant DNA technology, mutation and genomic
12. Organelle DNA
13. Quatitative genetics 1
14. Quatitative genetics 2
15. Population genetics
Final exam