TOURISM IMPACT

ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 6
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
• Define tourism impact assessment
• Explain the importance of tourism impact
assessment
• Cite impact assessment tools, and
enumerate their indicators
• Be able to apply an assessment framework
in analyzing the potential impacts of
tourism to a given destination
IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
• It forces planners and developers to foresee what
could possibly go wrong and take precautions to
prevent such unfortunate consequences from
happening.
• It compels the parties involved in tourism
development to participate in a consultative
process to iron out kinks prior to the actual
implementation of a project
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN TOURISM IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
• Constitution and existing laws
• Land use plans and spatial planning
• Zoning laws, zones of tourism value
• Regulations on tourism investments, tourism
enterprise zones, and tourism enterprises
• Building code (various permits, standards for
various types of structures)
• Business registration requirements
• Requirement for public consultation
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE APPROACH
• Encompasses economic, social, and environmental
impacts of tourism
• Started out as a philosophy on how companies
should incorporate sustainability and their
environmental advocacy in planning, but has also
evolved into an accounting tool considering not
just the financial bottom line but also
environmental and social impacts of the company
• Indicators used are same with sustainable impact
assessment tools
 TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY
ASSESSMENT
• Used to identify and implement limits to the
number of visitors to specific destinations or
attractions
• Types of carrying capacity assessment:
▫ Physical CC – determines the level of physical
impacts that are acceptable at a destination, which
may all be tangible resources or just the
environmental capacity, namely, how many people
that can be at a destination without affecting the
quality
 TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
▫ Perceptual CC – looks at the situation from the
tourists’ point of view, related to how they perceive
the quality of the destination
▫ Social or Socio-cultural CC – focuses on the social
and cultural changes due to tourism increase
▫ Economic CC – the destination’s possibility to cater
for demand without crowding out other local
economic activities
▫ Political or Administrative CC - concerned with how
the local, political, and administrative bodies can
cope with tourism and to what extent it is needed to
put limits on tourism inflow
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
EUROPEAN TOURISM INDICATOR
SYSTEM
- An assessment tool for monitoring, managing,
and enhancing tourism destination
sustainability.
- The system is comprised of a set of indicators, a
toolkit, and a dataset.
- Based on the principles of destination
responsibility, ownership, and shared decision-
making
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
Core Indicators
• Destination Management Core Indicators:
▫ Sustainable Tourism Public Policy
▫ Sustainable Tourism Management in Tourism
Enterprises
▫ Customer Satisfaction
▫ Information and Communication
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
Core Indicators
• Economic Value Core Indicators:
▫ Tourism Flow (volume and value) at Destination
▫ Tourism Enterprise(s) Performance
▫ Quantity and Quality of Employment
▫ Safety and Health
▫ Tourism Supply Chain
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
Core Indicators
• Social and Cultural Impact Core Indicators:
▫ Community / Social Impact as measured by the
visitor to resident ration
▫ Gender Equality as measured by the ration
between men and women in the tourism labor
force
▫ Accessibility for persons with disability
▫ Protecting and Enhancing cultural heritage, local
identity, and assets
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
Core Indicators
• Environmental Impact Core Indicators
▫ Reducing transport impact
▫ Tourism impact on climate change
▫ Solid waste management
▫ Sewage treatment
▫ Water management
▫ Energy use
▫ Landscape and biodiversity protection
▫ Light and noise management
▫ Bathing water quality
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP’S
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT (SEDA)
- An approach which measures how well a country
is able to translate its income into overall well-
being of its population
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
10 dimensions of SEDA
• Income or wealth (GDP per capita)
• Level of employment (employment and
unemployment levels)
• Income equality (income disparities across the
population)
• Economic stability (inflation and volatility of
GDP growth)
• Health of the population (access to health care
and mortality and morbidity rates)
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
10 dimensions of SEDA
• Education (access and quality)
• Governance (effectiveness and quality of government
institutions, accountability, stability, and civic freedoms)
• Environmental stewardship (quality of environment and
policies for improvement and preservation)
• Infrastructure (water, transportation, sanitation, and
communication)
• Civil society (strength of bonds among individuals,
intergroup cohesion, civic activism, and gender equality)
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
SEDA’s 2 numerical progress:
• Wealth to Well-being Coefficient (WWC) –
compares a country’s current level of
development against the level of development
that would be expected given its GDP capita.
• Growth to Well-being Coefficient – compares a
country’s 5-year GDP growth to improvements
in well-being during the same period.
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
SEDA’s scores for ASEAN member countries:
Country WWC GWC
Cambodia 1.17 1.32
Indonesia 1.37 1.24
Laos 1.27 1.14
Malaysia 1.05 0.87
Philippines 1.35 1.08
Singapore 1.03 1.24
Thailand 1.17 0.89
Vietnam 1.56 1.08
Average 1.25 1.11
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS APPROACH
- Analyzes the impact of tourism development on
a community in terms of its contribution to
building capabilities, assets (natural, economic,
or financial, human and social capital), and
activities required for a means of living.
- Measure outcomes in terms of the following
indicators: increase in income, increased well-
being, reduced vulnerability, improved food
security, and more sustainable use of natural
resource base
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT SYSTEM
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) –
defined by Department of Environment and the
Natural Resources Environmental Management
Bureau as a process that involves predicting and
evaluating the likely impacts of a project
(including cumulative impacts) on the
environment during construction,
commissioning, operation, and abandonment.
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
EIA is mandated by law under the Presidential
Decree No. 1586, which established “an
environmental impact statement system
including other environmental management
related measures and for other purposes
A positive outcome of the EIA by the DENR-EMB
is a prerequisite to the issuance of an
Environmental Compliance Commitment (ECC)
document, and represents the project’s
Environmental Compliance Certificate.
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is
required for projects of the following nature:
building, batching and crushing plant, cemetery,
funeral parlors, crematorium and columbarium,
fishery aquaculture, food and food by-products,
irrigation and flood control, non-food
manufacturing plant, roads and bridges,
subdivisions and housing projects, waste
management, water supply, and resort and other
tourism or leisure.
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
WTO’s 10 core indicators of sustainable tourism
development:
1. Site protection
2. Stress
3. Use intensity
4. Social impact
5. Development control
6. Waste management
7. Planning process
8. Critical ecosystems
9. Consumer satisfaction
10. Local satisfaction
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
Other impact assessment frameworks:
Economic Indicators
Environmental Indicators
Socio-cultural indicators
Institutional Indicators
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
ECONOMIC VIABILITY
- viability hinges partly on whether or not
the tourist facilities that are provided are
able to satisfy the needs, preferences, and
expectations of targeted tourist segments.
- As such, accommodation facilities, spas,
and other tourist amenities must be able
to comply
TOURISM IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS
ASSESSING JOBS IN TOURISM
Decent work – opportunities for women and men to
obtain decent and productive work in conditions of
freedom, equity, security, and human dignity.
The main indicators include: decent wage (should be
below the median hourly earnings), reasonable
work hours (not more than48 hours per week),
stability and security of work, female share of
employment, safety (occupational injury rate, fatal),
pension system, public social security expenditure
(% of GDP), and collective bargaining coverage rate.
Assignment:
By group, go to a place which is being
developed as a tourist destination. Assess
the possible impacts of tourism
development on the surrounding
communities using a framework of your
choice.