Optical Fiber Communication (EEE 4175) : Ray Theory - 2
Optical Fiber Communication (EEE 4175) : Ray Theory - 2
Optical Fiber Communication (EEE 4175) : Ray Theory - 2
Ray Theory_2
Dr. A K M Baki
Construction Of A Fiber Optic 2
Cable
Cable Jacket - The outermost layer of the fiber cable.
Strengthening fibers - The strengthening fibers that
help protect the core against damage during
installation or from being crushed.
1. Polyethylene.
2. "Mylar" tape.
3. Stranded steel wires.
4. Aluminum water barrier.
5. Polycarbonate.
6. Copper or aluminum tube.
7. Petroleum jelly.
8. Optical fibers.
4
Propagation Modes
5
A step index cable cross section. Graded index cable cross section.
6
Propagation Modes
Index
profile
?
Index
profile
?
Index
profile
?
7
Fiber Types
8
Both the core and the cladding are made from a type of glass
known as silica (SiO2) which is almost transparent in the visible
and near-IR.
If the refractive index changes in a ‘step’ between the core
and the cladding, the fiber structure is known as step-index
fiber.
If the refractive index changes ‘gradually’ between the core
and the cladding, the fiber structure is known as graded-index
fiber.
The higher core refractive index (~ 0.3% higher) is typically
obtained by doping the silica core with germanium dioxide
(GeO2).
9
Acceptance Angle
The maximum angle at which external light rays may
strike the air/glass interface and still propagate down
the fiber.
Eventually lost by radiation
Acceptance
cone θc
Air
(refractive index na)
10
Acceptance Angle
11
Acceptance Angle:
13
(NA):Example
15
Example: Senior
16
Developing ways for fiber to collect light efficiently was an important early
step in developing practical fiber optic communications (particularly in the
1970s)
We will find out later that such large-NA fibers tend to be “multimode” and
are unsuitable for high-speed communications because of a limitation
known as modal dispersion.
Typical NA of Fibers
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