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    Respiratory System Lec

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    Stef Fie
    The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose warms and filters incoming air while the lungs are the primary site of gas exchange. The trachea branches into bronchi which further divide into bronchioles and terminate in alveoli in the lungs. Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the alveoli while carbon dioxide diffuses out. Breathing is regulated by chemoreceptors in the brain that detect changes in blood carbon dioxide and pH levels.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Respiratory System Lec

    Uploaded by

    Stef Fie
    50 views49 pages
    The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose warms and filters incoming air while the lungs are the primary site of gas exchange. The trachea branches into bronchi which further divide into bronchioles and terminate in alveoli in the lungs. Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the alveoli while carbon dioxide diffuses out. Breathing is regulated by chemoreceptors in the brain that detect changes in blood carbon dioxide and pH levels.

    Original Title

    RESPIRATORY-SYSTEM-LEC

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    The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose warms and filters incoming air while the lungs are the primary site of gas exchange. The trachea branches into bronchi which further divide into bronchioles and terminate in alveoli in the lungs. Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the alveoli while carbon dioxide diffuses out. Breathing is regulated by chemoreceptors in the brain that detect changes in blood carbon dioxide and pH levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    50 views49 pages

    Respiratory System Lec

    Uploaded by

    Stef Fie
    The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose warms and filters incoming air while the lungs are the primary site of gas exchange. The trachea branches into bronchi which further divide into bronchioles and terminate in alveoli in the lungs. Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the alveoli while carbon dioxide diffuses out. Breathing is regulated by chemoreceptors in the brain that detect changes in blood carbon dioxide and pH levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 49

    RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

    ORGANS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


    1.NOSE
    2.PHARYNX
    3.LARYNX
    4.TRACHEA
    5.BRONCHI
    6.LUNGS
    STRUCTURAL DIVISION
    UPPER RESPIRATORY LOWER RESPIRATORY
    TRACT TRACT
    • NOSE • LARYNX
    • NASAL CAVITY • TRACHEA
    • PHARYNX • BRONCHI
    • ASSOCIATED • LUNGS
    STRUCTURES
    FUNCTIONALLY
    CONDUCTING ZONE RESPIRATORY ZONE
    Filter warm and moisten air in the lungs Main sites of Gas Exchnage
    between air and blood
    • Connecting cavities
    • Lung
    • Tubes
    • nose,
    • Nasal cavity • Tissues in the lungs (gas
    • pharynx, exchange occurs)
    • Larynx • Respiratory bronchioles
    • Trachea • Alveolar ducts
    • Bronchi • Sacs
    • Bronchioles
    • Alveoli
    • Terminal bronchioles
    FUNCTION OF THE
    RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

    Maintains Body Homeostasis


    Exchanges of gases (O2 and CO2) between
    the blood and the atmosphere
    Maintains levels of O2, CO2 and PH
    NOSE
    A specialized organ at the entrance of respiratory system
    Visible external and internal portion inside the skull
    (nasal cavity)
    EXTERNAL NOSE – Supporting framework of bone
    (external nares (nostrils)
    INTERNAL NOSE- produces mucus, warms, moistens,
    filtering air, receptors for sense of smell, modifies speech
    vibrations
    (nasal cavity, nasal septum)
    NASAL CAVITY
    • Olfactory receptors located in the mucosa on the superior
    surface
    • Rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa
    1. Moistens air
    2. Traps incoming foreign particles
    • Lateral walls (projections Conchae)
    1. Increases surface area
    2. Increases air turbulence
    • Separated from the oral cavity by the palate
    1. Anterior hard palate (bone)
    2. Posterior soft palate (muscle)
    PARANASAL SINUSES
    • Cavities within bones
    surrounding the nasal
    cavity

    • Serve as resonating
    chambers for sound as we
    speak
    • Produces mucus that
    drains into the nasal cavity
    • Lighten the skull
    PHARYNX
    • “throat”
    • Funnel shaped tube 13 cm (5in)
    • Muscular passage from nasal
    cavity and larynx
    • Common pathway of air and food
    • Houses tonsils
    • Provides resonating chamber for
    speech sounds
    3 Anatomical regions of pharynx
    • NASOPHARYNX- sup behind nasal
    cavity
    • OROPHARYNX- Mid region behind
    mouth
    • LARYNGOPHARYNX-inferior region
    attached to larynx

    OROPHARYNX AND
    LARYNGOPHARYNX ARE COMMON
    PASSAGEWAYS FOR AIR AND FOOD
    STRUCTURES OF THE PHARYNX
    • Auditory tube enter the nasopharynx (exchange of
    small amount of air to equalize pressure between mid
    ear and atmosphere)
    • Tonsils of the pharynx
    • Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) nasopharynx
    • Palatine tonsils oropharynx
    • Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
    LARYNX
    • “VOICE BOX”
    • Connects laryngopharynx with trachea
    • Midline of the neck ant to esophagus and c4-c6
    • Routes air and food into proper channels
    • Plays a role in speech
    • Wall is made of 9 pieces of cartilage
    thyroid cartilage, epiglottis and cricoid cartilage
    2 arytenoid,2 cuneiform, 2 corniculate cartilages
    • most imp arytenoid (true vocal cords of speech)
    STRUCTURES OF THE LARYNX
    THYROID CARTILAGE *adam’s
    apple)
    Largest hyaline cartilage
    Protrudes anteriorly

    EPIGLOTTIS
    Superior portion
    Routes food to larynx and air
    toward trachea
    STRUCTURES OF THE LARYNX
    Vocal cords (vocal folds)
    Vibrate with expelled air to
    create sound (speech)

    Glottis
    Opening between vocal cords
    TRACHEA
    • “windpipe”
    • Passageway for air 12 cm 5 in long
    • Loc ant to esophagus
    • Connects larynx with bronchi
    • C shaped hyaline cartilage walls
    • *CARINA point where trachea divides
    to R and L main bronchi*
    PRIMARY BRONCHI
    • Formed by division of the trachea
    • Enters the lung at the hilus (medial
    depression)
    • Right bronchus wider shorter and
    straighter than left
    • Bronchi subdivide into smaller and
    smaller branches
    LUNGS
    • Occupy most of the
    thoracic cavity (pair coned)
    • Apex near the clavicle
    (superior)
    • Base rest on the diaphragm
    (inf)
    • 2 lobes
    • Left 2
    • Right 3
    • OBLIQUE divides sup and inf
    lobe
    • HORIZONTAL inf lobe and
    mid lobe

    • Left lung cardiac notch (apex


    of the heart )
    • Short lung shorter
    (diaphragm)
    • Bronchi pulmonary
    blood vessels
    lymphatic nerves exit
    and entrance
    PLEURAL MEMBRANE
    1. Parietal Pleura (superficial
    layer)- lines the walls of
    thoracic cavity

    Pleural fluid- fills the area


    between layers of pleura for
    gliding

    2. Pulmonary (visceral) Pleura


    (Deep)-covers the lung surface
    BRANCHING OF BRONCHIAL TREE
    • PRIMARY BRONCHI
    • SECONDARY BRONCHI
    • TERTIARY BRONCHI
    • BRONCHIOLI
    • TERMINAL BRONCHIOLI
    (respiratory zone) –
    respiratoy bronchioles-
    respiratory ducts-
    alveoli
    BRONCHIOLES
    • Smallest branches of the
    bronchi

    • All but the smallest


    branches have reinforcing
    cartilage

    • Terminal bronchioles end in


    alveoli (gas exchange)
    PULMONARY VENTILLATION
    1. PULMONARY VENTILATION – Exchange of air between the
    atmosphere and alveoli

    2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION- Exchange of gases bet alveoli and


    blood in the pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory
    membrane. (pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 loses CO2

    3. INTERNAL RESPIRATION- Exchange of gases between blood in


    systemic capillaries and tissue cells (blood loses 02 gains CO2.)
    RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE (Air-blood
    barrier)
    • Thin squamous epithelial
    layer lining alveolar walls
    • Pulmonary capillaries cover
    external surfaces of alveoli
    • Gas crosses the respiratory
    membrane by diffusion
    • Oxygen enters the blood
    • Carbon dioxide enters the
    alveoli
    PRESSURE CHANGES IN VENTILATION
    1. Rest, alveolar and atmospheric pressure is equal (no air
    flow)
    2. Inhalation alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric
    pressure
    3. Deep inhalation greater drop in alveolar pressure
    4. Exhalation alveolar pressure increases above
    atmospheric pressure
    5. Forced exhalations greater increase in alveolar pressure
    Air moves into the lungs when alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric
    pressure, and out of the lungs when alveolar pressure is greater than
    atmospheric pressure.
    MUSCLES AND MECHANISM OF
    INHALATION AND EXHALATION
    LUNG VOLUME AND CAPACITIES
    • IRV(3100ml)- amount of air inspired after N inspiration
    • TV (500mL)- volume of gas inhaled and exhaled (normal
    rest)
    • ERV (1200mL)- amount of air expired after N expiration
    • RV (1200ml)- amount of air left in the lungs after forceful
    expiration
    • IC (3500ml)-amount of air max inspired after N expiration
    • FRC (2400ml)-amount of air left inside the lungs after N exp
    • TLC 6000- Contained inside the lungs
    LUNG VOLUME AND CAPACITIES
    REGULATION OF VENTILATION
    • MEDULLA OBLONGATA (RESPIRATORY
    CENTER)

    DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP –Inspiration area


    -inspiration movement and their timing

    (sends impulse to phrenic and intercostals nerves to


    contract)

    VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP-rhythmicity of


    breathing
    • PONTINE RESPIRATORY GROUP (pneumotaxic area)
    -neurons are active during inhalation and exhalation
    -modifies the rhythm of breathing
    -transmits nerve impulses to DRG
    To provide smooth respiration rhythm
    CHEMICAL REGULATION
    • CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS – located near the medulla
    • CO2 – BV- LUNGS- BREATHE OUT
    • CO2 + H20= carbonic anhydrase- bicarbonate HC03
    • Increase co2= decrease Ph level (acidic)

    • If co2 is high in the blood- chemoreceptor neurons- fire action


    potentials- breathe fast
    RESPIRATION AND ACID BALANCE
    ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS –measures the acidity ph
    o2 and co2 from an artery

    PH 7.35- 7.45
    PaCO2 35-45 DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO (ACID)
    HCO3 22-26 (BASE)
    Identify if it is acidosis or alkalosis (PH)
    <7.35 acidosis
    >7.45 alkalosis

    Identify if respiratory or metabolic (co2/hco3) compare to PH


    SAMPLE: PH 7.25 (respiratory acidosis)
    PACO2 50
    HCO3 24

    Identify if it is compensated or uncompensated


    (if ph is normal and paco2 hco3 abnormal)
    SAMPLE
    1.PH 7.25 3. PH 7.25
    PACO2 50 PACO2 37
    CO3 24 CO3 21

    2. PH 7.56 4. PH7.56
    PACO2 28 PACO2 40
    CO3 22 CO3 35
    RESPIRATORY COMPENSATION
    INCREASE HCO3 (BASE) COMPENSATES INCREASE ACIDOSIS
    DECREASE ALKALOSIS

    INCREASE CO2 (ACID) COMPENSATES DECREASE ACIDOSIS


    INCREASE ALKALOSIS
    PH 7.30 PH 7.35
    PACO2 50 PACO2 49
    CO3 49 CO3 30

    PH 7.50 PH 7.44
    PACO2 51 PACO2 48
    CO3 41 CO3 35

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