Assignment Problems

Prepared by: Ms. Rupali Lamba

 Assignment Problem
• An assignment problem is a special type of
transportation problem in which the objective is to
assign a number of resources to an equal number of
activities so as to minimise total cost or maximise
total profit.

• Resources such as men, machines have varying

degree of efficiency for performing different
activities such as job.
 Assignment Problem
How to assign the given jobs to some workers
on a one- to-one basis so that the jobs are
completed in the least time or at the least cost.
How to deal with situations when the
number of jobs do not match with the
number of job performers.
How should the salesmen of a company be
assigned to different sales zones so that the
total expected sales are maximised?
How to schedule the flights or the bus routes
between two cities so that the layover times
for the crew can be minimised?
 SOLUTION METHODS OF ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
(A)Complete enumeration method: this method
is suitable only when value of n is small.
(B) Transportation method: the problem of
degeneracy at each solution make the procedure
computationally inefficient for solving an assignment
problem.
(C) Simplex method: solving such an assignment is
manually difficult.
(D) Hungarian assignment method is an
efficient method of finding optimal
solution of an assignment problem .
 Example A1
• A department has five employees with five jobs to be
performed. The time (in hours) each men will take to perform
each job is given in the effectiveness matrix.

Jobs/Employ Sujay Pawan Prasad Mohan Hari

ees
Job1 10 5 13 15 16
Job2 3 9 18 13 6
Job3 10 7 2 2 2
Job4 7 11 9 7 12
Job5 7 9 10 4 12

• How should the jobs be allocated, one per employee so

as to minimise total number of manhours required to
complete the job
Mathematical model of Assignment
Problem
• The assignment problem is a variation of the
transportation problem with two characteristics
– The cost matrix is a square matrix
– The optimal solution would always be such that there
would be only one assignment in a given row or
column of the cost matrix
• If is the cost of assignment of resource i to
cij
activity j, then assignment problem is to find

X ij  1, if ith activity is assigned to jth resource

 0, otherwise
 LPP model for the assignment problem is given as:
Minimize n n
Z   C ij X ij
i1 j1
Subject to
n

X ij  1 i  1,2,3...,
n
j  1,2,3...,
m X
j1
ij  n
1  0or1
i1 X ij
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS:Hungarian
Method
• Developed by Hungarian mathematician D
Konig.
• In this method, opportunity cost is found and
allocation is done to the
Steps in Hungarian Method
• Step1 Develop cost table from the given
problem (If number of row and columns are
not equal, then a dummy row or column must
be added. The costs for dummy cells are zero.
• Step 2: Find the opportunity cost table
– Locate smallest element in each row of the given
cost table and then subtract that from each
element of that row, and

– In the reduced matrix obtained from previous

step, locate smallest element in each column and
then subtract that from each element of that
column. Each row /column now have atleast one
zero value.

***Please note that in this presentation tables with

grey background show tables in the previous step
for reference.
 Step 2: Example A1
Jobs/Employ Sujay Pawan Prasad Mohan Hari
ees
Job1 10 5 13 15 16
Job2 3 9 18 13 6
Job3 10 7 2 2 2
Job4 7 11 9 7 12
Job5 7 9 10 4 12

Jobs/Employ Sujay Pawan Prasad Mohan Hari

ees
Job1 5 0 8 10 11
Job2 0 6 15 10 3
Job3 8 5 0 0 0
Job4 0 4 2 0 5
Job5 3 5 6 0 8
As each column/row has atleast one zero, columnwise subtraction not
required
 Step3
• Make assignments in the opportunity cost matrix
– Examine rows until a row with exactly one unmarked zero
is obtained. Make an assignment to this single zero by
marking a square around it
– For each zero that becomes assigned, strike off other
zeroes in the same row/column
– Repeat the above steps for each column with exactly single
zero cell
– If a row/column has two or more unmarked zeros and one
cannot be chosen by inspection, then choose the assigned
zero arbitrarily.
– Continue this process until all zeros in rows are assigned or
struck off
 Step 3: Example A1
Jobs/Employ Sujay Pawa Prasad Mohan Hari
ees n
Job1 5 0 8 10 11
Job2 0 6 15 10 3

Job3 8 5 0 0 0
Job4 0 4 2 0 5
Job5 3 5 6 0 8
 Step 4
• If the number of assigned cells is equal to the
number of rows or columns then the solution is
optimal. The total cost associated with this solution
is obtained by adding original cost figures in
occupied cells.
• If zero cell was chosen arbitrarily, then there exists
alternative solution
• If optimal solution is not found that proceed to step
5
 Step 5
• Revise the opportunity cost table by the following
procedure
– For each row in which no assignment is made, mark a
tick ( )
– Examine the marked rows. If any zero cell occurs in those rows,
mark a ( ) to the respective columns that contain
those zeroes.
– Examine marked columns. If any assigned zero occurs in these
columns, then tick the respective rows that contain those
zeroes
– Repeat this process until no more rows and columns can be
marked
– Draw a straight line through each marked column and each
unmarked row.
– If the number of lines drawn (or total assignments) is equal to
the number of rows or columns then the current solution is
optimal, otherwise go to step 6.
Jobs/Employ Sujay Pawan Prasad Mohan Hari
ees
Job1 5 0 8 10 11
Job2 0 6 15 10 3
Job3 8 5 0 0 0
Job4 0 4 2 0 5
Job5 3 5 6 0 8
 Step 6 &7
• Step 6:
– From cells not covered by any line, choose the smallest
element. Call this value k.
– Subtract k from every element in the cell not covered by a
line.
– Add k to every element in the cell covered by the two
lines, i.e intersection of two lines.
– Element in cells covered by one line remains
unchanged
• Step 7: Repeat Steps 3 to 6 until an optimal solution
is obtained.
 K=2

Jobs/Employ Sujay Pawan Prasad Mohan Hari

ees
Job1 5 0 8 10 11
Job2 0 6 15 10 3
Job3 8 5 0 0 0
Job4 0 4 2 0 5
Job5 3 5 6 0 8

Jobs/Employ Sujay Pawan Prasad Mohan Hari

ees
Job1 7 0 8 12 11
Job2 0 4 13 10 1
Job3 10 5 0 2 0
Job4 0 2 0 0 3
Job5 3 3 4 0 6
Jobs/Employ Suja Pawan Prasad Mohan Hari
ees y
Job1 7 0 8 12 11
Job2 0 4 13 10 1
Job3 10 5 0 2 0

Job4 0 2 0 0 3
Job5 3 3 4 0 6

Solution of job allocation is as below. Total time: 23 man hours

Job Job1 Job2 Job3 Job4 Job5

Employee Pawan Sujay Hari Prasad Mohan
Time 5 3 2 9 4
Example A2
A machine tool company decides to make four subassemblies through four
contractors. Each contractor is to receive only one subassembly. The cost of
each subassembly is determined by the bids submitted by each contractor
and is as shown in the table below (in thousands of rupees). Assign different
assemblies to contractors so as to minimize the total cost.

Sub-assembly\Contractor A B C D
1 15 13 14 17
2 11 12 15 13
3 18 12 10 11
4 15 17 14 16
Sub- A B C D Sub-assembly A B C D
assembly \Contractor
\Contract 1 15 13 14 17
or
2 11 12 15 13
1 2 0 1 4
3 18 12 10 11
2 0 1 4 2
4 15 17 14 16
3 8 2 0 1
4 1 3 0 2

Sub-assembly\Contractor A B C D
1 2 0 1 3
2 0 1 4 1
3 8 2 0 0
4 1 3 0 1
Example A3: Multiple optimal solutions

Five jobs are to be done on five different machines. The

cost of producing ith job on the jth machine is given below.
Assign the job to different machine so as to minimize the
total cost. Job\Machines A B C D E
1 9 3 1 13 1
2 1 17 13 20 5
3 0 14 8 11 4
4 19 3 0 5 5
5 12 8 1 6 2
 Subtracting smallest number from each row, we get the following table (shaded is old table)

Job\Machines A B C D E Job\Machines A B C D E
1 9 3 1 13 1 1 8 2 0 12 0
2 1 17 13 20 5 2 0 16 12 19 4
3 0 14 8 11 4 3 0 14 8 11 4
4 19 3 0 5 5
4 19 3 0 5 5
5 11 7 0 5 1
5 12 8 1 6 2

Column B and D does not have any zero, therefore we subtract smallest element from these
columns, remaining columns are retained. Assignments are made

Job\Machines A B C D E
1 8 0 0 7 0
2 0 14 12 14 4
3 0 12 8 6 4
4 19 1 0 0 5
5 11 5 0 0 1
 Job\Machines A B C D E

1 8 0 0 7 0
2 0 14 12 14 4
3 0 12 8 6 4
4 19 1 0 0 5

5 11 5 0 0 1 For each row in which no assignment is

made, mark a tick ( row 3 )
Examine the marked rows. If any zero cell
occurs in those rows, mark to the
respective columns that contain those
zeroes. (column A)
Examine marked columns. If any assigned
zero occurs in these columns, then tick
the respective rows that contain those
zeroes (Row 2)
Repeat this process until no more rows
The above solution is not optimal as and columns can be marked
only four lines are there Draw a straight line through each marked
column and each unmarked row. (column
A, ROW 1,4,5)
Among the uncovered elements, 4 is the minimum. Subtract 4 from
all the uncovered elements and add the same to elements
correspond to intersection of lines. We get the following matrix:
Job\Machines A B C D E
Job\Machines A B C D E
1 8 0 0 7 0
1 12 0 0 7 0
2 0 14 12 14 4
2 0 10 8 10 0
3 0 12 8 6 4
3 0 8 4 2 0 4 19 1 0 0 5
4 23 1 0 0 5
5 11 5 0 0 1
5 15 5 0 0 1
Job\Machines A B C D E

1 12 0 0 7 0
: In the table, job 2 and job 3 have
2 0 10 8 10 0 zeroes at common locations for
employee A and E. Therefore two
3 0 8 4 2 0 alternative solutions are possible.
4 23 1 0 0 5 Similarly two more alternative
solutions are possible with the job 4
5 15 5 0 0 1 and 5.
Alternative solutions are shown
below
Alternative 1 Alternative 2

Job\Machines A B C D E Job\Machines A B C D E
1 12 0 0 7 0 1 12 0 0 7 0
2 0 10 8 10 0 2 0 10 8 10 0
3 0 8 4 2 0 3 0 8 4 2 0
4 23 1 0 0 5 4 23 1 0 0 5
5 15 5 0 0 1 5 15 5 0 0 1
 Alternative 3 and 4 are presented. All the alternative solutions are
optimal as number of allocations are equal to 5

Alternative 3 Alternative 4

Job\Machines A B C D E Job\Machines A B C D E
1 12 0 0 7 0 1 12 0 0 7 0
2 0 10 8 10 0 2 0 10 8 10 0
3 0 8 4 2 0 3 0 8 4 2 0
4 23 1 0 0 5 4 23 1 0 0 5
5 15 5 0 0 1 5 15 5 0 0 1
Example A4: Unbalanced Assignment Problem
A city corporation has decided to carry out road repairs on main four arteries of the
city. The government has agreed to make a special grant of Rs. 50 lakh towards the
cost with a condition that the repairs be done at the lowest cost and quickest time. If
the conditions warrant, a supplementary token grant will also be considered
favourably. The corporation has floated tenders and five contractors have sent in their
bids. In order to expedite work only one road will be awarded to only one contractor.
Find the best way of assigning repair work to the contractors and the costs.
If I is necessary to seek supplementary grants, what should be the amount sought?
Which of the five contractors will be unsuccessful in his bid?
R1 R2 R3 R4
C1 9 14 19 15
C2 7 17 20 19
C3 9 18 21 18
C4 10 12 18 19
C5 10 15 21 16
Number of roads < number of contractors. Therefore in order to make it a square
matrix, a dummy road is added
R1 R2 R3 R4 Dummy
C1 9 14 19 15 0
C2 7 17 20 19 0
C3 9 18 21 18 0
C4 10 12 18 19 0
C5 10 15 21 16 0

As each row already contains zero, subtract smallest number from each
column for the elements in that column
R1 R2 R3 R4 Dummy
C1 2 2 1 0 0
C2 0 5 2 4 0
C3 2 6 3 3 0
C4 3 0 0 4 0
C5 3 3 3 1 0
Examine row and do allocation for rows/columns having one zeros. Strike off other
zeroes. As there are only four allocations, this solution is not optimal

R1 R2 R3 R4 Dummy
C1 2 2 1 0 0
C2 0 5 2 4 0
C3 2 6 3 3 0
C4 3 0 0 4 0
C5 3 3 3 1 0

R1 R2 R3 R4 Dummy
C1 2 2 1 0 0
C2 0 5 2 4 0
C3 2 6 3 3 0
C4 3 0 0 4 0
C5 3 3 3 1 0
Among the remaining cells, 1 is the least, Subtract from the cells that are not covered
by line (Row c3, c5). Add it to cells in intersection of lines. Other remain same.
Reallocation is done. This is not optimal as well
R1 R2 R3 R4 Dummy
C1 2 2 1 0 1
C2 0 5 2 4 1
C3 1 5 2 2 0
C4 3 0 0 4 1
C5 2 2 2 0 0

R1 R2 R3 R4 Dummy
C1 2 2 1 0 0
C2 0 5 2 4 0
C3 2 6 3 3 0
C4 3 0 0 4 0
C5 3 3 3 1 0
Lines are drawn based on the rules. Minimum value is k=1. Subtract 1 from cells that
are not covered and add to cells that are at intersection. Resultant table is the second
table shown. The allocations are done.
R1 R2 R3 R4 Dummy
C1 2 2 1 0 1

C2 0 5 2 4 1
C3 1 5 2 2 0

C4 3 0 0 4 1
C5 2 2 2 0 0

R1 R2 R3 R4 Dummy
C1 1 1 0 0 1
C2 0 5 2 5 2
C3 0 4 1 2 0
C4 3 0 0 5 2
C5 1 1 1 0 0
This solution is optimal as number allocations is 5. Total Cost= 19+7+12+16=54
Find the best way of assigning repair work to the contractors and the costs.
Assignment schedule
Road1 Road2 Road3 Road4
C2 C4 C1 C5

If It is necessary to seek supplementary grants, what should be the amount

sought?
54-50= 4 lakh rupees

Which of the five contractors will be unsuccessful in his bid?

Contractor 3
 Assignment Problem with
maximisation objective
• In the assignment problem,
If the objective is to maximize profit instead
minimizing the cost.
• Modify the cost matrix by taking maximum of all cost
element and
• Replace the all the cost element by the difference
between the maximum and the present element.
• Continue with the Hungarian method explained
above for the assignment.
• Use the given cost matrix to find the optimal
value.
Example A5:
A company has four factories (F1, F2, F3, F4) each of
which can produce four products A, B,C,D.
The sales revenue and production cost of the factories
differ from one plant to another and is given for the
four products (in thousands).
The company wants to determine which product
should be manufactured in each factory in order to
maximise profit.
 Sales Revenue in Factories Production cost in Factories
Product F1 F2 F3 F4 Product F1 F2 F3 F4
A 50 68 49 62 A 49 60 45 61
B 60 70 51 74 B 55 63 45 49
C 55 67 53 70 C 52 62 49 68
D 58 65 54 68 D 55 64 48 66

Profit= Revenue-Cost, Objective:Maximise Profit

Profit in Factories
Product F1 F2 F3 F4
A 1 8 4 1
B 5 7 6 25
C 3 5 4 2
D 3 1 6 2

The above maximisation problem can be converted into minimisation

problem before applying Hungarian method. To convert, identify largest
number in the table (25) and subtract every number from 25 to get the new
table
 Factories
Product F1 F2 F3 F4
This converted table is
A 24 17 21 24
minimisation type and can be
B 20 18 19 0 solved using usual method.
C 22 20 21 23
D 22 24 19 23

Subtract every column with its smallest

no. Do allocations. The solution
Subtract every row with its smallest no. obtained is optimal
Factories Factories
Product F1 F2 F3 F4 Product F1 F2 F3 F4
A 7 0 4 7 A 5 0 4 7
B 20 18 19 0 B 8 18 19 0
C 2 0 1 3 C 0 0 1 3
D 3 5 0 4 D 1 5 0 4
 Solution
Product A- Factory 2
Product B- Factory 4
Product C- Factory 1
Product D- Factory 3
Total Profit = 8+3+6+25 (in
thousand)= 42,000