BFM09-Reynolds Transport Theorem

Universitas Indonesia
Mechanical Engineering Department
Mechanical Course Series Basic Fluid Mechanics
Reynolds Transport
Theorem
ã Prof. Dr. Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Analysis Approaches

 Lagrangian (system approach)
 Describes a defined mass (position, velocity, acceleration,

pressure, temperature, etc.) as functions of time
 Track the location of the moving mass


 Eulerian
 Describes the flow field (velocity, acceleration, pressure,

temperature, etc.) as functions of position and time
 Observe the moving mass passing a particular location

If you were going to study water flowing in a pipeline,

which approach would you use?
The Dilemma
 The laws of physics in their simplest forms

describe systems (the Lagrangian approach)
 Conservation of Mass, Momentum, Energy
 It is impossible to keep track of the system in
many fluids problems
 The laws of physics must still hold in a Eulerian
world!
 We need some tools to bridge the gap
Em1= Ek1 + Ep1
The laws of physics
A ball ½ mv12 + mgh1
are defined for a
sliding
mass
down a Em2= Ek2 + Ep2
hill
½ mv22 + mgh2
Em3= Ek3 + Ep3
½ mv32 + mgh3
How to apply the laws of physics

Water in this flow?
• Particles (mass) passing through
flowing control volume are always different
down a from time to time
hill
Reynolds Transport Theorem
 A moving system flows through the fixed

control volume.
 The moving system transports extensive
properties across the control volume surfaces.
 We need a bookkeeping method to keep track
of the properties that are being transported into
and out of the control volume
Consider flow from left to right through a diverging
(expanding) passage
control volume
t
t+Dt
Observe a system (mass) flowing through the control volume at two consecutive
times t and t + Dt
in a slow motion ….
I II
t Dt
t+Dt
at times t during Dt at times t + Dt
I II
control volume initial fluid

new fluid initial fluid
and initial fluid gains a new
inflow (I) outflow (II)
coincide state
at times t during Dt at times t + Dt
A1 A2 V1 V2
I II
control volume control volume

new fluid initial fluid
and initial fluid and initial fluid
inflow (I) outflow (II)
coincide don’t coincide
 Let B represent any extensive property (such as mass, energy,
or momentum), and let b = B/m (extensive property per unit
mass) represent the corresponding intensive property of the
system (initial fluid)
 The extensive property B of the system at times t and t + Dt:
Subtracting the first equation from the second one and dividing by
Dt gives:
Taking the limit as Dt → 0, and using the definition of derivative :
Here:
where: A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas at inlet and outlet

V1 and V2 are velocities at inlet and outlet
Then:
Physical Interpretation
time rate of change of the property B of the

system is equal to the time rate of change of B
of the control volume plus the net flux of B out
of the control volume by mass crossing the
control surface
In an arbitrary control volume
Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

Type of Control Volume
(a) fixed (b) moving (c) deforming

RTT for a steady flow in fixed CV
 For steady flow : (dBCV

CV
/dt = 0)
RTT for a non-fixed CV
 for moving and/or deforming control volumes

 VCS is the local velocity of the control surface
CS
Where Vr is relative
velocity:
Application of Reynolds
Transport Theorem
 Conservation of mass (for all species)
 Newton’s 2ndnd law of motion (momentum) _______
F = ma
 First law of thermodynamics (energy)
 Note for application in RTT

System Property Extensive Property Intensive Property
(B) (b = B/m)
Mass m m/m = 1
Momentum M mV/m = V
Energy E E/m = e
Summary
 Reynolds Transport Theorem

can be applied to a control
volume of finite size

 We don’t need to know the flow
details within the control
volume!
 We do need to know what is

happening at the control The Reynolds transport
surfaces. theorem (RTT) provides a link
between the system approach
 We will use Reynolds (Lagrangian) and the control
volume approach (Eulerian)
Transport Theorem to solve
many practical fluids problems
Exercise
Water flows from a nozzle with a speed of V = 10 m/s and is collected
in a container that moves toward the nozzle with a speed of Vcv = 2 m/s
as shown in Fig. The moving control surface consists of the inner
surface of the container. The system consists of the water in the
container at time t = 0 and the water between the nozzle and the tank
in the constant diameter stream at t = 0. At time t = 0.3 s how much
water has entered the control volume during this time period?
Solution
B=m
b = B/m = m/m = 1
𝑑 𝑚 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑑
❑ ❑
= ∫ 𝜌 (1 ) 𝑑  +∫ 𝜌 (1) ⃗
𝑉 𝑟 . ⃗𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐 𝑣 𝑐𝑠
𝑑
❑
𝑑 𝑚𝑐𝑣
𝑑 𝑚 𝑠𝑦𝑠 ∫ 𝜌 ( 1 ) 𝑑 ∀ =
=0 𝑑𝑡 𝑐 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑚 𝑐𝑣
0= −12 𝜌 𝐴
𝑑𝑡 =
= 28.3 kg

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Universitas Indonesia

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Course Series Basic Fluid Mechanics

ã Prof. Dr. Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

If you were going to study water flowing in a pipeline,

 The laws of physics in their simplest forms

How to apply the laws of physics

 A moving system flows through the fixed

at times t during Dt at times t + Dt

control volume initial fluid

control volume control volume

Taking the limit as Dt → 0, and using the definition of derivative :

where: A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas at inlet and outlet

time rate of change of the property B of the

Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

(a) fixed (b) moving (c) deforming

 For steady flow : (dBCV

 for moving and/or deforming control volumes

 Note for application in RTT

 Reynolds Transport Theorem

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