INTRODUCTION

 Material quantities, as they pass through

processing operations, can be described by
material balances. Such balances are statements
on the conservation of mass.
 Energy quantities can be described by energy
balances .
 If there is no accumulation, what goes into a
process must come out.
 Energy balances are used in the
examination of the various stages of a
process, over the whole process /over the
total production system from the raw
material to the finished product.
 Material Balance
 The first material balances –Design stages
of a new process.
 The next material balances Improved during
pilot plant experiments when the process is
being tested, checked out when the plant is
commissioned.
 Then refined and maintained as a control
instrument as production continues.
 When any changes occur in the process, the
material balances need to be determined
again. Material balances are fundamental to
the control of processing, particularly in the
control of yields of the products.
BASIC PRINCIPLE

 Ifthe unit operation, whatever its

nature is seen as a whole it may be
represented diagrammatically as a
box.
 The mass and energy going into the
box must balance with the mass
and energy coming out.
 Products out
Raw mP1mP2mP3
Materials in
mR1mR2mR3 Waste products
Unit mW1mW2mW3
Operation

Stored Materials Energy in

mS1mS2mS3 products
EP1EP2EP3
Stored Energy
ES1ES2ES3 Energy in
Energy in Waste
Heat, Work, EW1EW2EW3
Chemical, Electrical
ER1ER2ER3 Energy losses
To surroundings
EL1EL2EL3

Mass and Energy Balance

MASS BALANCE
 The law of conservation of mass leads to what
is called a mass or a material balance.

 Mass In = Mass Out + Mass Stored

 Raw Materials = Products + Wastes + Stored

Materials.
mR = mP +  mW + mS
(where  (sigma) denotes the sum of all terms).
mR = mR1 +  mR2 + mR3 = Total Raw
Materials

mP = mP1 +  mP2 + mP3 = Total Products.

mW= mW1 +  mW2 + mW3 = Total Waste

Products

mS = mS1 +  mS2 + mS3 = Total Stored Products.

 Ifthere are no chemical changes
occurring in the plant, the law of
conservation of mass will apply also
to each component, so that for
component A:

mA in entering materials = mA in the

exit materials + mA stored in plant.
 For example, in a plant that is producing sugar,
if the total quantity of sugar going into the
plant is not equalled by the total of the purified
sugar and the sugar in the waste liquors, then
there is something wrong. Sugar is either being
burned (chemically changed) or accumulating
in the plant or else it is going unnoticed down
the drain somewhere. In this case:
 MA = (mAP + mAW + mAU)
 where mAU is the unknown loss and needs to be
identified. So the material balance is now:
Raw Materials = Products + Waste Products +
Stored Products + Losses
where Losses are the unidentified materials.
 ENERGY BALANCE
Just as mass is conserved, so is energy conserved
in processing operations. The energy coming
into a unit operation can be balanced with the
energy coming out and the energy stored.
Energy In = Energy Out + Energy Stored
ER = EP + EW + EL + ES
where
ER = ER1 + ER2 + ER3 + …= Total Energy Entering

Ep = EP1 + EP2 + EP3 + … = Total Energy Leaving

with Products 
EW = EW1 + EW2 + EW3 + … =Total Energy Leaving

with Waste Materials

EL = EL1 + EL2 + EL3 + …….= Total Energy Lost

to Surroundings

ES = ES1 + ES2 + ES3 + …… = Total Energy stored

 
Energy balances are often complicated because
forms of energy can be interconverted, for example
mechanical energy to heat energy, but overall the
quantities must balance.
SANKEY DIAGRAM
 The Sankey diagram is very useful tool to
represent an entire input and output
energy flow in any energy equipment or
system such as boiler generation, fired
heaters, furnaces after carrying out energy
balance calculation. This diagram
represents visually various outputs and
losses so that energy managers can focus
on finding improvements in a prioritized
manner.
Energy Balance for a Reheating Furnace
MATERIAL BALANCES
 The first step is to look at the three basic categories:
materials in, materials out and materials stored.
 Then the materials in each category have to be
considered whether they are to be treated as a whole,
a gross mass balance, or whether various
constituents should be treated separately and if so
what constituents.
 A major factor in industry is, of course, the value of
the materials and so expensive raw materials are
more likely to be considered than cheaper ones, and
products than waste materials.
BASIS AND UNITS
 Heat and mass calculations has to be carried out o two
basis
batch system or
mass per hour in a continuous process.

 Having selected the basis, then the units may be

chosen such as mass, or concentrations which can be
by weight or can be molar if reactions are important.
Total Mass and Composition
Material balances can be based on total mass, mass of
dry solids, or mass of particular component.
Example: Constituent Balance
Skim milk is prepared by the removal of some of the fat
from whole milk. This skim milk is found to contain 90.5%
water, 3.5% protein, 5.1% carbohydrate, 0.1% fat and 0.8%
ash. If the original milk contained 4.5% fat, calculate its
composition assuming that fat only was removed to make
the skim milk and that there are no losses in processing.
Basis: 100 kg of skim milk.
This contains, therefore, 0.1 kg of fat. Let the fat
which was removed from it to make skim milk be x
kg.
Total original fat =(x + 0.1)kg
Total original mass = (100 + x) kg
and as it is known that the original fat content was
4.5% so
(x + 0.1) / (100 + x) = 0.045
x + 0.1 = 0.045(100 + x)
x = 4.6 kg
 So the composition of the whole milk is then fat =
4.5%, water = 90.5/104.6 = 86.5 %, protein =
3.5/104.6 = 3.3 %, carbohydrate= 5.1/104.6 = 4.9%
and ash = 0.8%
 CONCENTRATIONS
Concentrations can be expressed in many ways: weight/ weight
(w/w), weight/volume (w/v), molar concentration (M), mole
fraction.
The weight/weight concentration is the weight of the solute
divided by the total weight of the solution and this is the
fractional form of the percentage composition by weight.
 The weight volume concentration is the weight of solute in
the total volume of the solution.
The molar concentration is the number of molecular weights
of the solute expressed in kg in 1 m3 of the solution.
The mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles of the
solute to the total number of moles of all species present in the
solution.
 EXAMPLE
A solution of common salt in water is prepared by
adding 20 kg of salt to 100 kg of water, to make
a liquid of density 1323 kg/m3. Calculate the
concentration of salt in this solution as a (a)
weight fraction, (b) weight/volume fraction, (c)
mole fraction, (d) molal concentration.
(a) Weight fraction:
20 / (100 + 20) = 0.167
% weight / weight = 16.7%
(b) Weight/volume:
A density of 1323kg/m3 means that lm3 of
solution weighs 1323kg, but 1323kg of salt
solution contains
(20 x 1323 kg of salt) / (100 + 20) = 220.5 kg salt / m3

1 m3 solution contains 220.5 kg salt.

Weight/volume fraction = 220.5 / 1000 = 0.2205
And so weight / volume = 22.1%

c) Moles of water = 100 / 18 = 5.56

Moles of salt = 20 / 58.5 = 0.34

Mole fraction of salt = 0.34 / (5.56 + 0.34) = 0.058
 
d) The molar concentration (M) is 220.5/58.5 = 3.77
moles in m3
 In solid / liquid mixtures of all these
methods can be used but in solid mixtures
the concentrations are normally expressed
as simple weight fractions.
 With gases, concentrations are primarily
measured in weight concentrations per unit
volume, or as partial pressures. These can
be related through the gas laws. Using the
gas law in the form:
 pV = nRT
 where p is the pressure, V the volume, n the
number of moles, T the absolute
temperature, and R the gas constant which
is equal to 0.08206 m3 atm / mole K, the
molar concentration of a gas is then
n / V = p/RT

and the weight concentration is then Nm / V

where M is the molecular weight of the gas.

The SI unit of pressure is the N/m2 called

the Pascal (Pa). As this is of inconvenient
size for many purposes, standard
atmospheres (atm) are often used as
pressure units, the conversion being 1 atm
= 1.013 x 105 Pa, or very nearly 1 atm =
100 kPa.
 EXAMPLE
If air consists of 77% by weight of nitrogen and 23%
by weight of oxygen calculate:
(a) the mean molecular weight of air,
(b) the mole fraction of oxygen,
(c) the concentration of oxygen in mole/m3 and
kg/m3 if the total pressure is 1.5 atmospheres and
the temperature is 25 oC.
(a)Taking the basis of 100 kg of air: it contains
77/28 moles of N2 and 23/32 moles of O2
Total number of moles = 2.75 + 0.72 = 3.47 moles.
So mean molecular weight of air = 100 / 3.47 =
28.8
Mean molecular weight of air = 28.8
b) The mole fraction of oxygen = 0.72 / (2.75 +
0.72) = 0.72 / 3.47 = 0.21
Mole fraction of oxygen = 0.21
(c) In the gas equation, where n is the number
of moles present: the value of R is 0.08206
m3 atm/mole K and at a temperature of 25 oC
= 25 + 273 = 298 K, and where V= 1 m 3
pV = nRT
  and so, 1.5 x 1 = n x 0.08206 x 298
n = 0.061 mole/m3
weight of air = n x mean molecular weight
= 0.061 x 28.8 = 1.76 kg / m3
Concentration of oxygen = 0.4kg/m3
or 0.4 / 32 = 0.013 mole / m3
 TYPES OF PROCESS SITUATIONS
Continuous Processes
In continuous processes, time also enters into
consideration and the balances are related to unit time.
Considering a continuous centrifuge separating whole
milk into skim milk and cream, if the material holdup in the
centrifuge is constant both in mass and in composition,
then the quantities of the components entering and leaving
in the different streams in unit time are constant and a
mass balance can be written on this basis.
Such an analysis assumes that the process is in a
steady state, that is flows and quantities held up in vessels
do not change with time.
 EXAMPLE
If 35,000kg of whole milk containing 4% fat
is to be separated in a 6 hour period into
skim milk with 0.45% fat and cream with
45% fat, what are the flow rates of the two
output streams from a continuous centrifuge
which accomplishes this separation?
Basis 1 hour's flow of whole milk
Mass in
Total mass = 35000/6 = 5833 kg.
Fat = 5833 x 0.04 = 233 kg.
And so Water plus solids-not-fat = 5600 kg.
Mass out
Let the mass of cream be x kg then
its total fat content is 0.45x. The
mass of skim milk is (5833 - x) and its
total fat content is 0.0045 (5833 – x)
Material balance on fat:

Fat in = Fat out

5833 x 0.04 = 0.0045(5833 - x) +
0.45x. and so x = 465 kg.

So that the flow of cream is 465 kg / hr and

skim milk (5833 – 465) = 5368 kg/hr
HEAT BALANCES
 The most common important energy form
is heat energy and the conservation of this
can be illustrated by considering
operations such as heating and drying.
 In these, enthalpy (total heat) is conserved
and as with the mass balances so enthalpy
balances can be written round the various
items of equipment. or process stages, or
round the whole plant, and it is assumed
that no appreciable heat is converted to
other forms of energy such as work.
Enthalpy (H) is always referred to some reference level or datum
EXAMPLE: Dryer Heat Balance
A textile dryer is found to consume 4
m3/hr of natural gas with a calorific
value of 800 kJ/mole. If the
throughput of the dryer is 60 kg of
wet cloth per hour, drying it from 55%
moisture to 10% moisture, estimate
the overall thermal efficiency of the
dryer taking into account the latent
heat of evaporation only.
60 kg of wet cloth contains
60 x 0.55 kg water = 33 kg moisture
and 60 x (1-0.55) = 27 kg bone dry cloth.

As the final product contains 10% moisture, the

moisture in the product is 27/9 = 3 kg
And so Moisture removed / hr = 33 - 3 = 30 kg/hr
 Latent heat of evaporation = 2257 kJ/K
Heat necessary to supply =30 x 2257= 6.8 x 104
kJ/hr 
Assuming the natural gas to be at standard
temperature and pressure at which 1 mole
occupies 22.4 litres
Rate of flow of natural gas = 4 m3/hr = (4 x
1000)/22.4 = 179 moles/hr
 
Heat available from combustion = 179 x
800 = 14.3 x 104 kJ/hr

Approximate thermal efficiency of dryer =

heat needed / heat used

= 6.8 x 104 / 14.3 x 104 = 48%

 SUMMARY
 Material and energy balances can be worked out
quantitatively knowing the amounts of materials
entering into a process, and the nature of the
process.
Material and energy balances take the basic form
Content of inputs = content of products +
wastes/losses + changes in stored materials.
 In continuous processes, a time balance must be
established.
 Energy includes heat energy (enthalpy), potential
energy (energy of pressure or position), kinetic
energy, work energy, chemical energy. It is the
sum over all of these that is conserved.
 Enthalpy balances, considering only heat are
useful in many processing situations.
METHOD FOR PREPARING PROCESS
FLOW CHART
Process
Input Waste
Step-1
Flow charts are
schematic
representation of
the production
process, involving Input Process Waste
various input Step-2
resources,
conversion steps
and output and
recycle streams. Output

Process Flow Chart

 Inputs of the process could include raw
materials, water, steam, energy (electricity, etc);
 Process Steps should be sequentially drawn
from raw material to finished product.
Intermediates and any other byproduct should
also be represented. The operating parameters
such as temperature, pressure, %
concentration,flow rate, etc. should be
represented. In case of batch process the total
cycle time should be included.
 Wastes / by products could include solids, water,
chemicals, energy etc. .
 Output of the process is the final product
produced in the plant.
Facility as an Energy System

Plant Energy System

 5 Bar, Comp. air/steam for
atomisation Steam
HP Dosing
12 Bar/190o C
(Phosphate)

3 Bar
Fur.Oil 180o C
Tank
4.5 KL Heater/3.5 kw
Filter units
BOILER
Bio Gas from ETP 30 TPH Economiser 160o C

12 Bar
FD Air 66m
Fan 170o C
75 KW
35640m3
Chimney
540mm WC
LP dosing
125o C
(Oxytreat)
Condensate return

Deareator
Condensate
10m 3
tank 25m3

Blowdown
tank
8.95 KW
4.5 KW
36 m3/hr
48.1 m3/hr
1.5m
21.5m
DM water tank Drain
250 m3
2.8 KW
48.1 m3/hr
21.5m Figure 4.7 Boiler Plant System Energy Flow Diagram
 GENERATION DISTRIBUTION UTILISATION/
END USE APPLICATION

Extraction
Filter Press

110 kw Activated
850 m3/hr. Alumina Drier Instrumentation
& Controls

110 kw Fermenter
530 Nm3/hr for Filter Press
Air Receiver

850 m3/hr.
150 minutes/day
7 Bars

Boiler
Atomisation
225 Nm3/hr
110 kw
850 m3/hr.
Vent
Compressor - 3 No. Westfalia
Chilled
Two stage, double Receiver N2 Plant 5 Bars (Extraction)
Water Heat
acting, reciprocating, Exchanger
water cooled non- 630 Nm3/hr 150 Nm3/hrN2
lubricated, heavy duty Moisture Air N2 Receiver
Centrifuge
Drain
(Extraction)

Figure 4.9 Instrument Air System

 How to Carryout Material and
Energy Balance
For a complex production stream, it is better to
first draft the overall material and energy
balance.
While splitting up the total system, choose,
simple discrete sub-systems. The process flow
diagram could be useful here.
Choose the material and energy balance
envelope such that, the number of streams
entering and leaving, is the smallest possible.
Always choose recycle streams (material and
energy) within the envelope.
The measurement units may include, time factor
or production linkages.
Consider a full batch as the reference in case of
batch operations.
It is important to include start-up and cleaning
operation consumptions (of material and energy
resources (M&E).
Calculate the gas volumes at standard conditions.
In case of shutdown losses, averaging over long
periods may be necessary.
Highlight losses and emissions (M&E) at part load
operations if prevalent.
For each stream, where applicable, indicate
energy quality (pressure, temperature, enthalpy,
Kcal/hr, KW, Amps, Volts etc.).
While preparing M&E balances, precision of
analytical data, flow and energy measurements
have to be accurate especially in case of short
time span references.
Energy and Mass Balance Calculation Procedure
 dentify the problem to be studied and define a
boundary that encloses the entire system or sub-
system to be analysed. Entering and leaving mass
and energy flows must be measured at the
boundary.
 Select an appropriate test period
 Carry out the measurements & Calculate the energy
and mass flow.
 If the balances are outside acceptable limits, then
repeat the measurements.
 The energy release or use in endothermic and
exothermic processes should be taken into
consideration in the energy balance.
 EXAMPLE: Heat Balance in a
Boiler
The Figure illustrates the heat balance and different
losses73.8occurring
% Heat in Steam while generating steam.

12.7 %
Dry Flue Gas Loss
8.1 %

Heat loss due to H2 in fuel

100 % STEAM 1.7 %

Heat loss due to moisture in fuel

BOILER 0.3 %
Fuel
Heat loss due to moisture in air
2.4 %

Heat loss due to unburnts in residue

1.0 %
Heat loss due to radiation and
other unaccounted losses
Example: Mass Balance
Calculation
A fabric filter (bag filter) is used to remove the dust
from the inlet gas stream so that outlet gas stream
meets the required emission standards in cement,
fertilizer and other chemical industries.
During an air pollution monitoring study, the inlet gas
stream to a bag filter is 1,69,920 m3/hr and the dust
loading is 4577 mg/m3. The outlet gas stream from the
bag filter is 1,85,040 m3/hr and the dust loading is 57
mg/m3.
What is the maximum quantity of ash that will have to
be removed per hour from the bag filter hopper based
on these test results?
Based on dust balance, Mass (in) = Mass (out)

Inlet gas stream dust = outlet gas stream dust + Hopper Ash
1. Calculate the inlet and outlet dust quantities in kg per
hour
Inlet dust quantity = 169920 (m3/hr) x 4577
(mg/m3) x 1/1000000 (kg/mg) = 777.7 kg/hr
Outlet dust quantity = 185040 (m3/hr) x 57
(mg/m3) x 1/1000000 (kg/mg) = 10.6 kg/hr

2. Calculate the quantity of ash that will have to be

removed from the hopper per hour
Hopper ash = Inlet gas dust quantity – Outlet gas
dust quantity
= 777.7 kg/hr – 10.6 kg/hr
= 767.1 kg/hr