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    Acoustics: Unit-II Fundamental S

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    yashaswini
    Sound is generated by pressure oscillations in an elastic medium that are detectable by the human ear. It is a longitudinal pressure wave that propagates in all directions from its source. The properties of sound include: - Loudness, which depends on the amplitude of vibration. Higher amplitudes produce louder sounds. - Pitch, which depends on the frequency of vibration. Higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches. - Quality or timbre, which depends on the waveform. Different waveforms produce different sound qualities or timbres. The inverse square law dictates that sound intensity decreases by 6 decibels for every doubling of distance from the source, as the sound energy spreads over a larger area

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    Acoustics: Unit-II Fundamental S

    Uploaded by

    yashaswini
    90 views38 pages
    Sound is generated by pressure oscillations in an elastic medium that are detectable by the human ear. It is a longitudinal pressure wave that propagates in all directions from its source. The properties of sound include: - Loudness, which depends on the amplitude of vibration. Higher amplitudes produce louder sounds. - Pitch, which depends on the frequency of vibration. Higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches. - Quality or timbre, which depends on the waveform. Different waveforms produce different sound qualities or timbres. The inverse square law dictates that sound intensity decreases by 6 decibels for every doubling of distance from the source, as the sound energy spreads over a larger area

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    Unit-2

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    Sound is generated by pressure oscillations in an elastic medium that are detectable by the human ear. It is a longitudinal pressure wave that propagates in all directions from its source. The properties of sound include: - Loudness, which depends on the amplitude of vibration. Higher amplitudes produce louder sounds. - Pitch, which depends on the frequency of vibration. Higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches. - Quality or timbre, which depends on the waveform. Different waveforms produce different sound qualities or timbres. The inverse square law dictates that sound intensity decreases by 6 decibels for every doubling of distance from the source, as the sound energy spreads over a larger area

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    90 views38 pages

    Acoustics: Unit-II Fundamental S

    Uploaded by

    yashaswini
    Sound is generated by pressure oscillations in an elastic medium that are detectable by the human ear. It is a longitudinal pressure wave that propagates in all directions from its source. The properties of sound include: - Loudness, which depends on the amplitude of vibration. Higher amplitudes produce louder sounds. - Pitch, which depends on the frequency of vibration. Higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches. - Quality or timbre, which depends on the waveform. Different waveforms produce different sound qualities or timbres. The inverse square law dictates that sound intensity decreases by 6 decibels for every doubling of distance from the source, as the sound energy spreads over a larger area

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    acoustics

    Unit-II
    Fundamental
    s
    Fundamentals:

    Sound Generation

    - is generated when pressure


    oscillations are generated in an elastic
    medium at rates that are detectable by
    a hearing medium.

    - sound is generated whenever there is


    a disturbance of an elastic medium.

    - physical phenomenon that stimulates


    the sense of hearing.
    Fundamentals:
    Sound Generation
    - is a form of energy produced by
    vibrating objects.
    - is a waveform that travels in matter.
    Sound wave propagates in all directions.
    Sound Pressure Compression / Rarefaction

    High

    Normal

    Low

    Time

    Time domain plot of a waveform:


    a graph showing amplitude changes
    Fundamentals:

    SOUND
    Sound is a wave motion
    in air or other elastic
    media

    Sound is the sensation stimulated in


    the organs of hearing by mechanical
    radiant energy transmitted as
    longitudinal pressure waves through
    the air or other medium
    Fundamentals:

    “Photo of sound transmission”


    Fundamentals:

    Sound Wave – a longitudinal pressure


    wave in air or an elastic medium,
    especially one producing an audible
    sensation
    Wavelength – the distance, measured in
    the direction of propagation of a wave,
    from any one point to the next point of
    corresponding phase

    Amplitude – the maximum deviation of


    a wave from its average value
    Fundamentals:

    Frequency – the number of cycles per


    unit time of a wave

    Hertz – the SI unit of frequency, equal


    to one cycle per second (Hz)
    Fundamentals:

    Sound is measured in decibels (dB), a


    logarithmic scale that compares the
    amplitudes of two sound waves. A doubling
    of amplitude represents a difference of
    about 6 dB.
    • Intensity: power of the changes in air
    pressure as they contact your ear
    • Sound Pressure Level (SPL): intensity of
    a sound relative to the threshold of hearing,
    measured in dB
    Fundamentals:
    Fundamentals:
    Acoustics is generally a linear
    phenomenon
    Fundamentals:
    Fundamentals:

    Sound filled is a region filled with one


    several sound waves

    Sound waves with frequency range to


    human hearing is between 20 Hz –
    20,000 Hz
    Hertz is the unit of frequency

    1 Hz = 1 period/second
    Fundamentals:

    SOUND PROPAGATION:

    REFLECTION

    REFRACTION

    DIFFRACTION

    DIFFUSION
    Fundamentals:

    REFLECTION

    - When a sound wave encounters a


    sharp discontinuity in the density of its
    medium, some of its energy is
    reflected.

    - Reflected sound energy follows the law


    of optics, reflected energy have equal
    angles of reflection and incidence.
    Fundamentals:

    REFRACTION

    - A change in direction which sound


    waves undergoes when entering a
    different medium
    Fundamentals:

    DIFFUSION

    - The reflection of sound off a convex or


    uneven surface.

    - The process of spreading or dispersing


    radiated energy so that it is less direct
    or coherent.
    Fundamentals:

    DIFFRACTION

    - The bending of the travel of sound


    caused by an obstacle in its path.

    - The bending of waves around small


    obstacles and the spreading out of
    waves beyond small openings.
    Sound Transmission
     The requirements for the production of
    sound waves are:
     1. A source which initiates a
    mechanical disturbance.
     2. An elastic medium through which
    the disturbance can be transmitted.
    Density Matters
     Dense air is a more efficient transmitter of
    sound than rarefied air.
     At high altitudes, where the density of the
    air is lower, less energy may be
    transferred from the source to the air.
     Sound does not travel through a vacuum.
    It is only transmitted through a material
    medium.
     Sound travels very effectively through
    solids and liquids.
    Speed of Sound
     Medium velocity m/sec
    air (20º C) 343
    air (0º C) 331
    water (25º C) 1493
    sea water 1533
    diamond 12000
    iron 5130
    copper 3560
    glass 5640
    Summary
    depends on the amplitude of vibration
    Soft Loud
    Loudness

    depends on frequency
    Properties OR
    Pitch Low High
    Characteristics
    of sound

    depends on waveform
    Quality or Clearer Mixed
    Timbre
    Loudness

    Compare the waveforms below:

    What is the difference between them?

    The amplitude of vibration.


    So how do we vary the amplitude?
    Loudness

    The loudness of sound is dependent on the


    amount of energy which is transferred to the
    medium.
    It in turn is dependent on the amplitude of
    vibrations of the object.

    The greater the energy from


    the source Larger amplitude of Louder
    (More energy transfer) vibration sound
    Pitch

    Sound waves are caused when a vibrating


    object introduce vibration into a medium.
    Vibrating objects e.g. vocal cords,
    guitar string, tines of tuning fork,
    Medium e.g. air, water particles etc.

    How often the particles of the medium


    vibrate is referred to the frequency of a
    wave.
    Pitch

    Compare the waveforms below:

    Higher
    frequency!

    What determines the pitch of sound?


    The frequency of vibration.

    So how do we vary the pitch? E.g. guitar string


    Quality
    Similar musical notes (i.e. same pitch) sounds
    different on different instruments (e.g. piano and
    guitar).
    These sounds have different quality or timbre.

    Tuning fork Piano Trumpet


    Quality

    Compare the waveforms below:

    What determines the quality of sound?

    The waveform.
    Loudness of Sound in Decibels
    Sound Loudness (dbs) Hearing
    Damage
    Average Home 40-50

    Loud Music 90-100 After long


    exposure
    Rock Concert 115-120 Progressive

    Jet Engine 120-170 Pain


    Ultrasound
    -sound waves with frequencies above
    the normal human range of hearing.
    Sounds in the range from 20-
    100kHz
    Infrasound
    - sounds with frequencies below the
    normal human range of hearing.
    Sounds in the 20-200 Hz range
    Doppler Effect
    is the apparent change in the
    frequency of a sound caused by
    the motion of either the listener
    or the source of the sound.
     Sounds from Moving Sources.
    › A moving source of sound or a moving
    observer experiences an apparent shift
    of frequency called the Doppler Effect.
    › If the source is moving as fast or faster
    than the speed of sound, the sound
    waves pile up into a shock wave called a
    sonic boom.
    › A sonic boom sounds very much like the
    pressure wave from an explosion
    Supersonic Flight
    What we have covered…

    Production Vibrating
    sources

    Transmission Requires a
    medium

    Detection Audibility
    Sound
    Reflection Echoes

    Measuring its Direct and


    speed indirect method

    Pitch, Loudness Different


    and Quality waveforms
    INVERSE - SQUARE LAW FOR SOUND
    INVERSE - SQUARE LAW FOR SOUND

    Another very important but


    little known acoustical
    phenomena is the Inverse
    Square Law. As a sound
    wave propagates spherically,
    the sound energy is
    distributed over the ever-
    increasing surface diameter
    of the wave front surface.
    INVERSE - SQUARE LAW FOR SOUND
    The Inverse Square Law
    teaches us that for every
    doubling of the distance
    from the sound source in a
    free field situation, the sound
    intensity will by -6 decibels.
    INVERSE - SQUARE LAW FOR SOUND
    Under ideal conditions a free field could be
    represented by a sound signal being generated from a
    mountain peak. In real life situations however, rooms
    bounded by walls, floors and ceilings will interrupt the
    inverse square law at a distance in tan average 30′
    square room at approximately 10-12 feet from the
    sound source. Nevertheless it is important to accept
    the notion that sound will diminish in intensity with
    distance. For example, in a typical classroom with a
    teachers voice signal of 65 decibels at a three-foot
    distance from the teacher; at 6 feet away the sound
    intensity will be 59 decibels and at twelve feet it will
    diminish down to 53 decibels. (This is important to
    remember as we discuss the Signal to Noise Ratio
    S/NR later on)
    Decibel scale:

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