Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 85 views

    Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing

    Uploaded by

    Thareq Akbar
    Subnetting and supernetting allow networks to be divided into smaller subnets or combined into larger supernets. Subnetting is done by borrowing bits from the host portion of the IP address and using them in the network portion. Supernetting is the opposite, where bits are borrowed from the network portion to combine multiple networks. Classless addressing uses variable length subnet masks and CIDR notation such as A.B.C.D/n to represent networks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing

    Uploaded by

    Thareq Akbar
    85 views56 pages
    Subnetting and supernetting allow networks to be divided into smaller subnets or combined into larger supernets. Subnetting is done by borrowing bits from the host portion of the IP address and using them in the network portion. Supernetting is the opposite, where bits are borrowed from the network portion to combine multiple networks. Classless addressing uses variable length subnet masks and CIDR notation such as A.B.C.D/n to represent networks.

    Original Title

    Subnetting

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Subnetting and supernetting allow networks to be divided into smaller subnets or combined into larger supernets. Subnetting is done by borrowing bits from the host portion of the IP address and using them in the network portion. Supernetting is the opposite, where bits are borrowed from the network portion to combine multiple networks. Classless addressing uses variable length subnet masks and CIDR notation such as A.B.C.D/n to represent networks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    85 views56 pages

    Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing

    Uploaded by

    Thareq Akbar
    Subnetting and supernetting allow networks to be divided into smaller subnets or combined into larger supernets. Subnetting is done by borrowing bits from the host portion of the IP address and using them in the network portion. Supernetting is the opposite, where bits are borrowed from the network portion to combine multiple networks. Classless addressing uses variable length subnet masks and CIDR notation such as A.B.C.D/n to represent networks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 56

    Subnetting/Supernetting

    and
    Classless Addressing
    CONTENTS
    • SUBNETTING
    • SUPERNETTING
    • CLASSLESS ADDRSSING
    SUBNETTING
    IP addresses are designed with
    two levels of hierarchy.

    Subnetting is done by borrowing bits from the


    host part and add them the network part
    A network with two levels of hierarchy
    (not subnetted)
    A network with three levels of hierarchy
    (subnetted)
    Addresses in a network with and without subnetting
    Default mask and subnet mask
    Finding the Subnet Address

    1. Given an IP address, we can find the


    subnet address the same way we found the
    network address.
    2. We apply the mask to the address. We can
    do this in two ways: straight or short-cut.
    Straight Method
    In the straight method, we use binary
    notation for both the address and the
    mask and then apply the AND operation
    to find the subnet address.
    Example 9

    What is the subnetwork address if the


    destination address is 200.45.34.56 and the
    subnet mask is 255.255.240.0?
    Solution
    11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000
    11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
    11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000

    The subnetwork address is 200.45.32.0.


    Short-Cut Method
    • If the byte in the mask is 255, copy the
    byte in the address.
    • If the byte in the mask is 0, replace the
    byte in the address with 0.
    • If the byte in the mask is neither 255 nor
    0, we write the mask and the address in
    binary and apply the AND operation.
    Example 10

    What is the subnetwork address if the


    destination address is 19.30.80.5 and the
    mask is 255.255.192.0?
    Solution

    See next slide


    Solution
    Comparison of a default mask and
    a subnet mask

    The number of subnets must be


    a power of 2.
    Example 11

    A company is granted the site address


    201.70.64.0 (class C). The company needs
    six subnets. Design the subnets.

    Solution

    The number of 1s in the default


    mask is 24 (class C).
    Solution (Continued)

    The company needs six subnets. This number 6 is


    not a power of 2. The next number that is a power
    of 2 is 8 (23). We need 3 more 1s in the subnet
    mask. The total number of 1s in the subnet mask is
    27 (24 + 3).
    The total number of 0s is 5 (32 - 27). The mask is
    Solution (Continued)

    11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000


    or
    255.255.255.224
    The number of subnets is 8.
    The number of addresses in each subnet is 25 (5 is the
    number of 0s) or 32.
    See Next slide
    Figure 5-8
    Example 3
    Example 12

    A company is granted the site address 181.56.0.0


    (class B). The company needs 1000 subnets.
    Design the subnets.
    Solution

    The number of 1s in the default mask is 16 (class


    B).
    Solution (Continued)

    The company needs 1000 subnets. This number is


    not a power of 2. The next number that is a power
    of 2 is 1024 (210). We need 10 more 1s in the
    subnet mask.
    The total number of 1s in the subnet mask is 26 (16
    + 10).
    The total number of 0s is 6 (32 - 26).
    Solution (Continued)

    The mask is

    11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000


    or
    255.255.255.192.
    The number of subnets is 1024.
    The number of addresses in each subnet is 2 6 (6 is
    the number of 0s) or 64.
    See next slide
    Figure 5-9
    Example 4
    Variable-length subnetting
    SUPERNETTING
    • Supernetting is the opposite of subnetting
    • In subnetting you borrow bits from the host
    part
    • Supernetting is done by borrowing bits from
    the network side.
    • And combine a group of networks into one
    large supernetwork.
    Figure 5-11

    A supernetwork
    Rules:
     The number of blocks must be a power of 2 (1,
    2, 4, 8, 16, . . .).
     The blocks must be contiguous in the address
    space (no gaps between the blocks).
     The third byte of the first address in the
    superblock must be evenly divisible by the number
    of blocks. In other words, if the number of blocks is
    N, the third byte must be divisible by N.
    Example 5

    A company needs 600 addresses. Which of the following set of class C blocks can be used
    to form a supernet for this company?
    198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0
    198.47.32.0 198.47.42.0 198.47.52.0 198.47.62.0
    198.47.31.0 198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.52.0
    198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0 198.47.35.0
    Solution

    1: No, there are only three blocks.


    2: No, the blocks are not contiguous.
    3: No, 31 in the first block is not divisible by 4.
    4: Yes, all three requirements are fulfilled.
    In subnetting,
    we need the first address of the
    subnet and the subnet mask to
    define the range of addresses.
    In supernetting,
    we need the first address of
    the supernet
    and the supernet mask to
    define the range of addresses.
    Figure 5-12
    Comparison of subnet, default,
    and supernet masks
    Example 13

    We need to make a supernetwork out of 16


    class C blocks. What is the supernet mask?
    Solution
    We need 16 blocks. For 16 blocks we need to change four 1s to 0s in the default
    mask. So the mask is
    11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
    or
    255.255.240.0
    Example 14

    A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a


    supernet mask of 255.255.248.0. A router receives three
    packets with the following destination addresses:
    205.16.37.44
    205.16.42.56
    205.17.33.76
    Which packet belongs to the supernet?
    Solution

    We apply the supernet mask to see if we can find


    the beginning address.
    205.16.37.44 AND 255.255.248.0  205.16.32.0
    205.16.42.56 AND 255.255.248.0  205.16.40.0
    205.17.33.76 AND 255.255.248.0  205.17.32.0
    Only the first address belongs to this supernet.
    Example 15

    A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a


    supernet mask of 255.255.248.0. How many blocks are in
    this supernet and what is the range of addresses?

    Solution
    The supernet has 21 1s. The default mask has 24 1s. Since
    the difference is 3, there are 23 or 8 blocks in this supernet.
    The blocks are 205.16.32.0 to 205.16.39.0. The first
    address is 205.16.32.0. The last address is 205.16.39.255.
    5.3
    CLASSLESS
    ADDRESSING
    Figure 5-13

    Variable-length blocks
    Number of Addresses in a Block
    There is only one condition on the number of
    addresses in a block; it must be a power of 2 (2,
    4, 8, . . .). A household may be given a block of 2
    addresses. A small business may be given 16
    addresses. A large organization may be given
    1024 addresses.
    Beginning Address
    The beginning address must be evenly divisible
    by the number of addresses. For example, if a
    block contains 4 addresses, the beginning
    address must be divisible by 4. If the block has
    less than 256 addresses, we need to check only
    the rightmost byte. If it has less than 65,536
    addresses, we need to check only the two
    rightmost bytes, and so on.
    Example 16
    Which of the following can be the beginning address of a block
    that contains 1024 addresses?
    205.16.37.32
    190.16.42.0
    17.17.32.0
    123.45.24.52

    Solution

    To be divisible by 1024, the rightmost byte of an address should be 0


    and the second rightmost byte must be divisible by 4. Only the
    address 17.17.32.0 meets this condition.
    Figure 5-14
    Slash notation
    Slash notation is also called
    CIDR
    notation.
    Example 17

    A small organization is given a block with the beginning


    address and the prefix length 205.16.37.24/29 (in slash
    notation). What is the range of the block?
    Solution

    • The beginning address is 205.16.37.24. To


    find the last address we keep the first 29
    bits and change the last 3 bits to 1s.
    • Beginning: 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011000
    • Ending : 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011111
    • There are only 8 addresses in this block.
    Example 17 cont’d

    We can find the range of addresses in Example 17 by


    another method. We can argue that the length of the suffix
    is 32 - 29 or 3. So there are 23 = 8 addresses in this
    block. If the first address is 205.16.37.24, the last address
    is 205.16.37.31 (24 + 7 = 31).
    A block in classes A, B, and C
    can easily be represented in slash
    notation as
    A.B.C.D/ n
    where n is
    either 8 (class A), 16 (class B), or
    24 (class C).
    Example 18
    What is the network address if one of the addresses is
    167.199.170.82/27?

    Solution

    The prefix length is 27, which means that we must


    keep the first 27 bits as is and change the
    remaining bits (5) to 0s. The 5 bits affect only the
    last byte. The last byte is 01010010. Changing the
    last 5 bits to 0s, we get 01000000 or 64. The
    network address is 167.199.170.64/27.
    Example 19
    An organization is granted the block 130.34.12.64/26. The
    organization needs to have four subnets. What are the subnet
    addresses and the range of addresses for each subnet?

    Solution

    The suffix length is 6. This means the total number


    of addresses in the block is 64 (26). If we create
    four subnets, each subnet will have 16 addresses.
    Solution (Continued)

    Let us first find the subnet prefix (subnet mask). We need four
    subnets, which means we need to add two more 1s to the site prefix.
    The subnet prefix is then /28.
    Subnet 1: 130.34.12.64/28 to 130.34.12.79/28.
    Subnet 2 : 130.34.12.80/28 to 130.34.12.95/28.
    Subnet 3: 130.34.12.96/28 to 130.34.12.111/28.
    Subnet 4: 130.34.12.112/28 to 130.34.12.127/28.

    See Figure 5.15


    Figure 5-15

    Example 19 cont’d
    Example 20

    An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with


    190.100.0.0/16. The ISP needs to distribute these addresses to three
    groups of customers as follows:
    1. The first group has 64 customers; each needs 256 addresses.
    2. The second group has 128 customers; each needs 128 addresses.
    3. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64 addresses.

    Design the subblocks and give the slash notation for each subblock.
    Find out how many addresses are still available after these
    allocations.
    Solution

    Group 1
    For this group, each customer needs 256 addresses. This means th
    suffix length is 8 (28 = 256). The prefix length is then 32 - 8 = 24.
    01: 190.100.0.0/24 190.100.0.255/24
    02: 190.100.1.0/24 190.100.1.255/24
    …………………………………..
    64: 190.100.63.0/24190.100.63.255/24
    Total = 64  256 = 16,384
    Solution (Continued)

    Group 2
    For this group, each customer needs 128 addresses. This means the
    suffix length is 7 (27 = 128). The prefix length is then 32 - 7 = 25
    The addresses are:
    001: 190.100.64.0/25 190.100.64.127/25
    002: 190.100.64.128/25 190.100.64.255/25
    ………………..
    128: 190.100.127.128/25 190.100.127.255/25
    Total = 128  128 = 16,384
    Solution (Continued)

    Group 3
    For this group, each customer needs 64 addresses. This means the
    suffix length is 6 (26 = 64). The prefix length is then 32 - 6 = 26.
    001:190.100.128.0/26 190.100.128.63/26
    002:190.100.128.64/26 190.100.128.127/26
    …………………………
    128:190.100.159.192/26 190.100.159.255/26
    Total = 128  64 = 8,192
    Solution (Continued)

    Number of granted addresses: 65,536


    Number of allocated addresses: 40,960
    Number of available addresses: 24,576

    You might also like