1970s: The Building Blocks of 3D Animation

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1970s: the Building Blocks

of 3D Animation
• In the 1970s we saw the computer become smaller and faster, and the idea of 3D virtual
surfaces was also being invented. Many of the basics of 3D animation we still use today like
shaders and rendering were invented at this time. Also the first glimpse of 3D animation in film
was witnessed. In 1971, the microprocessor was developed, which allowed for the electronics
of a computer to be miniaturized down to a single chip. Many of the building blocks of basic 3D
animation were invented during this decade. Researchers at the University of Utah created an
algorithm enabling hidden surfaces to be rendered as 3D surfaces onscreen. Up to this point,
the only thing a technician could do was draw wireframe lines, resulting in flat shading of
polygons that made an object look faceted and blocky. But in 1971 Henri Gouraud created
Gouraud shading, which allowed for the faceted polygon surface to render and look smooth.
Figure 1.8 shows a comparison of flat shading and Gouraud shading. Ed Catmull, while finishing
his time at the University of Utah, created texture mapping in 1974 that allowed these early 3D
graphics to achieve realism not seen to date. Catmull went on to create advancements in anti-
aliasing and z-buffering and become the president of Pixar Animation Studios and Walt Disney
Animation Studio.

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