Electrical Machines EE-260: Instructor: DR Mehmood Alam

Electrical Machines
EE-260
Instructor: Dr Mehmood Alam
Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals

National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
Example 2-5:
A 15 kVA, 2300/230-V transformer is to be tested to determine its excitation branch
components, its series impedance and its voltage regulation.
The data have been taken by using the

connections shown in the following
Figures.
Open-ckt test Short-ckt test
Voc=2300 V Vsc=47 V
Ioc=0.21 A Isc=6.0 A
Poc= 50 W Psc= 160 W

Example 2-5:
a. Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the
high-voltage side.
b. Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the low-
voltage side.
c. Calculate the full-load voltage regulation at 0.8 lagging power
factor, 1.0 power factor, and at 0.8 leading power factor.
d. Plot the voltage regulation as load is increased from no load to
full load at power factors of 0.8 lagging, 1.0, and 0.8 leading.
e. What is the efficiency of the transformer at full load with a power
factor of 0.8 lagging?
Example 2-5: (Solution)
a)
From the OCT data
For equivalent circuit referred to primary side the Excitation branch elements
are found as
a = 2300/230
= 10
The short-circuit impedance angle
The series elements referred

to the primary
The equivalent series impedance
The transformer equivalent circuit referred

its primary side
b) To find the equivalent circuit referred to the low-voltage side, the impedance is
divided by a2.
The transformer equivalent circuit referred its secondary side

c) VR ? 15 kVA, 2300/230-V transformer
Full-load current on the secondary side
From the circuit

c.
Tetha=cos^-1(PF)
The Voltage regulation is

Phasor Diagram
c.
At PF = 1.0, current Is = 65.2 L 0° A
c.
At PF = 1.0, current Is = 65.2 L 0° A
Plot of voltage regulation versus load
d. (Matlab)
e.
To find the efficiency of the transformer. first calculate its losses.

The copper losses are:
The core losses are
The output power at 0.8 leading PF

Transformer Taps
• So far we considered transformer’s turn ratio to be fixed.
• Practically, almost all the distribution transformers have taps in the winding
which allows small changes in transformer’s turns ratio in the field.
• Typically 4 taps are designed, in addition to nominal setting with spacing of ±
2.5 percent of full load voltage between them.
Transformer Taps
• The secondary voltage is given by:
Therefore, if Vp increases, increase Np to keep Vs constant and vice

versa.
• Taps accommodate the variations in local voltages. These taps normally can
not be changed while the power system is operating and power is being
supplied to the load.
• Tap Changing Under Load (TCUL) Transformer or Voltage Regulator:
It is transformer with built-in voltage sensing circuitry that automatically
changes taps to keep the system voltage constant.
Transformer Taps
Example 2-6:
A 500 KVA, 13,200/480 V distribution transformer has four 2.5% taps on the
primary winding. What are the voltage ratios of transformer at each tap setting.
+ 5.0% taps 13,860/480
• The secondary voltage is +2.5% taps 13,530/480

given by:
Nominal rating 13,200/480
Vs=(Ns/Np) * Vp
-2.5% taps 12,870/480
• If Vp increases, increase Np
to keep Vs constant and vice -5.0% taps 12,540/480
versa.
1. Auto-Transformer
• Auto-Transformer is a transformer with only one
winding.
• That means, the primary and secondary windings are
not electrically isolated form each other. In other words,
the primary and the secondary of autotransformer are
physically connected.
• Used to transform voltages when the primary to
secondary ratio is close to unity.
Autotransformer
The advantage of an autotransformer is that the same boosting or
bucking function is obtained with only a single winding, making it
cheaper and lighter to manufacture than a regular (isolating)
transformer having both primary and secondary windings
More
Turns
on Load
side Less Turns
on Load side
Step-up Autotransformer (Slight Step-down Autotransformer

Boost) (Slight Down)
Autotransformer
Conventional Transformer Autotransformer
Vc : Common voltage
Ic: Current in the Common coil
1. The Autotransformer (cont…
• The voltage at the output of the autotransformer is the sum of the
voltage on the first winding and voltage on the second winding.
• The winding across which both the

primary and secondary voltages
appear is called Common Winding
and the smaller winding which is
connected in series with the common
winding and across which only one
voltage (primary/secondary) appears
is called Series Winding.
The Autotransformer (cont…
Step down autotransformer
Step up autotransformer
The Autotransformer Voltage Relationships (cont..

The Autotransformer Current Relationships (cont..

The Apparent Power Rating Advantage (cont…
VL NC IH
 
VH N C  N SE I L
The input and output apparent power may
be defined as:

S10 Input and output apparent powers of T/F

The Apparent Power Rating Advantage (cont…
The apparent power in the transformer
winding is given by:

The Apparent Power Rating Advantage
(cont…
• Note that not all the power traveling

from the primary to the secondary
in the autotransformer goes through
the windings.
• If conventional transformer is
reconnected as an autotransformer,
it can handle much more power
than it was originally rated for.
The Apparent Power Rating Advantage
(cont…

• The equation describes the apparent power rating advantage of the

transformer over a conventional transformer.
• The SIO is the apparent power entering the primary and leaving the
secondary of transformer,
• The Sw is the apparent power actually traveling through the transformer’s
windings, the rest passes from primary to secondary without being
coupled through the transformer winding.
• The smaller the series winding the greater the advantage will be.
Home Work
Example 2-7

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Electrical Machines

Instructor: Dr Mehmood Alam

Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals

The data have been taken by using the

Poc= 50 W Psc= 160 W

The short-circuit impedance angle

The series elements referred

The transformer equivalent circuit referred

The transformer equivalent circuit referred its secondary side

From the circuit

The Voltage regulation is

To find the efficiency of the transformer. first calculate its losses.

The core losses are

The output power at 0.8 leading PF

• The secondary voltage is given by:

Therefore, if Vp increases, increase Np to keep Vs constant and vice

+ 5.0% taps 13,860/480

• The secondary voltage is +2.5% taps 13,530/480

Step-up Autotransformer (Slight Step-down Autotransformer

Conventional Transformer Autotransformer

• The winding across which both the

Step down autotransformer

S10 Input and output apparent powers of T/F

• Note that not all the power traveling

• The equation describes the apparent power rating advantage of the

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