Computer Science

Class 12th
CBSE ---- Structure Query Language
 Agenda
• What is SQL?
• Need for SQL
• How to create tables in SQL?
• How to add information to tables?
• SELECT … FROM…WHERE (with aggregate
functions)
 Introduction
• SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard
language for accessing and manipulating databases.
• SQL commands are used to create, transform and
retrieve information from Relational Database
Management.
• By using SQL commands, one can search any data
in the database and perform other functions like,
create tables, add records, modify data, remove
rows, drop table etc
• SQL can retrieve data from a database
• SQL can insert records in a database
• SQL can update records in a database
• SQL can delete records from a database
• SQL can create new databases
• SQL can create new tables in a database
• SQL can create views in a database
 CREATE TABLE Command
Requirement
• Name of the table,
• Names of fields,
• Definitions and constrains for each field.
Constraints
• NOT NULL - To check a column cannot store NULL value.
• PRIMARY KEY - To check that a column have an unique
identity which helps to find a particular
• record in a table.
 Syntax
CREATE TABLE<table name>
(<column name1> <data type>[size][constraints],
<column name2> <data type>[size][constraints],
.
.
.
<column name n> <data type>[size][constraints]);
 Example:
Create the following table:
Table: Student

CREATE TABLE student

(Adno Numeric (3) Primary Key,
Name varchar (20) not null,
Class Numeric (2),
Section char (1),
Fees numeric (10, 2));
 INSERT INTO Command:
This command is used to add rows in the table, but can add
only one row at a time.

Syntax:
INSERT INTO <table name> [Column_name1,
Column_name2, ......Column_name n] VALUES
(value1,value2,value3,….,value n);
OR
INSERT INTO <table name> VALUES (value1,value2,value3,
….,value n);
 Example:
Insert the following information to the table student:

INSERT INTO student VALUES (111,"Anu Jain", 12,"A", 2500);

INSERT INTO student VALUES (222,"Mohit Sharma", 11,"B", 4500);
[Note: If we want to insert values from the selective columns then we have to
use this method
INSERT INTO student (ADNO, Name, CLASS) VALUES (777,' LEENA', 'B');]
 SELECT Command
This command is used to view table information from SQL
database. By using SELECT command, we can
get one or more fields information, while using *, one can
get all fields information.
Syntax:
SELECT (*/field list)
FROM <table name>
[WHERE <condition>];
We can specify any condition using where clause. Where
clause is optional.
 Example:

1. Display student table information.

SELECT *
FROM student;
This will display all information of the particular table (student) in the
database.
2. To display name and class of student table information.
SELECT name, class
FROM student;
3. To display name of 10th class student information.
SELECT name
FROM student
WHERE class = 10;
Thanks
Operators used in SQL commands:
• Arithmetic operators
• Relational operators
• Logical operators
• LIKE OPERATOR
• IN Operator
• BETWEEN Operator

• Arithmetic operator takes two operands and performs a mathematical

calculation on them. However, they can be used only in SELECT command.
The arithmetic operators used in SQL are:
• + Addition
• - Subtraction
• * Multiplication
• / Division
1) Table: Name

Display first name with second name.

SELECT FirstName + SecondName FROM Name;

2) Table: Salary

SELECT Basic + DA FROM Salary;

Give new name of the column

SELECT Basic + DA as "NET PAY”

FROM Salary;
Relational operators

Relational operators are used to implement comparison between two operands.

These operators can be
used only in 'where clause'. Relational operators are –
1) < less than
2) > greater than
3) < = less than or equal to
4) > = greater than or equal to
5) = equal to
6) ! = not equal to

Example:
Table: Student
1. Display students' name, who are paying below 3000 fees.

SELECT name
FROM student
WHERE fees<3000;

2. Display students' name, who are paying above or equal to 3000 fees.

SELECT name
FROM student
WHERE fees>=3000;
3. Display students' information, who are not in class 10
SELECT *
FROM student
WHERE class! = 10;

Logical operators:

Logical operators are also possible only in 'where clause' and are used to merge
more than one condition.
Logical operators are:
 AND
 OR
 NOT
Example:
1. Display information of students in class 11B.
SELECT *
FROM student
WHERE class = 11 AND section = 'B';

2. Display 11th and 12th class students' information.

SELECT *
FROM student
WHERE class =11 OR class=12;
3. Display students' information, who are not in 10th class.
SELECT *
FROM student
WHERE NOT class = 10;
LIKE OPERATOR

LIKE OPERATOR is used to search a value similar to specific pattern in a column

using wildcard operator.
There are two wildcard operators - percentage sign (%) and underscore ( _ ).
The percentage sign
represents zero, one, or multiple characters, while the underscore represents a
single number or character.
The symbols can be used in combinations.

For example:
1. Display the names that start with letter "A".
SELECT name
FROM student
WHERE name LIKE "A%";
Here, % replaces one or more characters.
2. Display names, whose name's second letter is 'o'.
SELECT name
FROM student
WHERE name LIKE "_ o%";
Here, % replaces one or more than one character and _ replaces only one
character.

3. Display names, whose name has 7 characters.

SELECT name
FROM student
WHERE name LIKE "_______";
Here, _ replaces only one character. As such, 7 underscores replace 7
characters.
IN Operator

The IN operator allows us to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause

For example:
Display students' information, who are in section A and B.
SELECT *
FROM student
WHERE class IN ("A","B");
BETWEEN Operator
The BETWEEN operator is used to test whether or not a value (stated before the
keyword BETWEEN) is
"between" the two values stated after the keyword BETWEEN.
For example:
Display students' information, who are paying fees between 2500 and 3500.
SELECT *
FROM student
WHERE fees BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500;
[Note: In the above Query 2500 and 3500 is also included]
ORDER BY

This command is used to arrange values in ascending or descending order.

For example:

SELECT *
FROM student
ORDER BY fees ASC;
'asc' for ascending order. Without asc also the list is displayed with ascending
order only.
SELECT *
FROM student
ORDER BY fees DESC;
'desc' for descending order. If the 'desc' is not given, the list will be displayed
with ascending order
Aggregate functions
Aggregate functions are used to implement calculation based upon a
particular column. These functions always return a single value.
Aggregate functions are:
1. SUM()
2. AVG()
3. MAX()
4. MIN()
5. COUNT()

This function is used to find the total value of a particular column.

Example:
1)SUM()
SELECT SUM (fees)
FROM student;
AVG()

This function is used to find the average value of a particular column.

Example:
SELECT AVG (fees)
FROM student;

MAX()

This function is used to find the maximum value of a particular column.

Example:
SELECT MAX (fees)
FROM student;
MIN()
This function is used to find the minimum value of a particular column.
Example:
SELECT MIN (fees)
FROM student;

COUNT()
This function is used to find the number of values (ie. number of rows) of a
particular column.
Example:
SELECT COUNT (fees)
FROM student;
(or)
SELECT COUNT (*)
FROM student;
GROUP BY

The SQL GROUP BY is a clause that enables SQL aggregate functions for grouping
of information. (ie.
GROUP BY clause is used in collaboration with the SELECT statement to arrange
identical data into
groups.). This clause is used whenever aggregate functions by group are
required.
For example:
1. Display number of students in each class.
SELECT count (*), class
FROM student
GROUP BY class;
2. Display sum of fees for each class.
SELECT class, sum (fees)
FROM student
GROUP BY class;

Having clause
As mentioned earlier, the 'where' clause is used only to place condition on
the selected columns, whereas
the 'HAVING' clause is used to place condition on groups created by 'group
by' clause, because here the
'WHERE' clause is not useable.
Example:
Display sum of fees which is more than 5000 for each class
SELECT class, sum (fees)
FROM student
GROUP BY class
HAVING sum (fees)>5000;
DISTINCT

The DISTINCT keyword is used to remove duplicate values in a particular column.

For example:
Display class in student table.
SELECT class
FROM student;

Display different classes from student table.

SELECT DISTINCT class
FROM student;
UPDATE Command

This command is used to implement modification of the data values.

Syntax:
UPDATE <table name>
SET <column name1>=new value, <column name>=new value etc
[WHERE <condition>];

Example:
1. Increase fees value by 500.
UPDATE student
SET fees = fees + 500;
2. Increase the fees value by 100 for adno 222.
UPDATE student
SET fees = fees+100
WHERE adno = 222;
DELETE Command
This command is used to remove information from a particular row or rows.
Please remember that this
command will delete only row information but not the structure of the table.
Syntax:
DELETE
FROM <table name>
[WHERE <condition>];
For example:
1. Remove adno 444 information.
DELETE
FROM student
WHERE adno = 444;
2. Remove all records.
DELETE
FROM student;

ALTER TABLE command

This command is used to implement modification of the structure of the table. This is
a DDL command.
Using this command, we can add a new column, remove the existing column and
modify data type of
existing column.

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <table name>
[ADD/MODIFY/DROP] <column name>;
For example:
1. Add one new column totalfees with number (10, 2).
ALTER TABLE student
ADD totalfees number(10,2);
2. Change totalfees datatype as number(12,2).
ALTER TABLE student
MODIFY totalfees number(12,2);
3. Remove totalfees column.
ALTER TABLE student
DROP totalfees;
DROP TABLE Command
This command is used to remove the entire structure of the table and
information. This is also from the
DDL command.
Syntax:
DROP TABLE<table name>;
For example:
Remove the whole structure of student table.
DROP TABLE student;
Equi Join
Equi Joins are used to give information in different tables. It is a special type
of join in which we use only
equality operator.
For example
SELECT *
FROM product, customer
WHERE product.product_no = customer. procuct_no;
(or)
SELECT *
FROM product p, customer c
WHERE p.product_no=c.procuct_no;
SQL Non-equi joins
The non-equi join is a type of join in which, we use only relational operators
except equal operator. These
include >, <, >=, >= and !=.
For example
SELECT *
FROM product,customer
WHERE product.product_no!=customer.procuct_no;
 Revision
• CREATE TABLE: Used to create structure of the table.
• ALTER TABLE: Used to implement structure modification.
• DROP TABLE: To remove full structure.
• INSERT INTO: To add row values.
• SELECT: To display row or column information.
• DISTINCT: To select different information.
• MAX(): To select maximum value of a particular column.
• MIN(): To select minimum value of a particular column. SUM(): To find total value
of a particular column.
• AVG(): To find average value of a particular column.
• COUNT(): Number of records in the table.