Chapter 3

EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
3.1: Condition for Equilibrium of a Particle
What is Equilibrium and a Particle?
 Equilibrium and a Particle
 When we say equilibrium or “static equilibrium” is a
state of physical balance and is used to describe an
object at rest.

 A particle
is an object with inertia (mass) but of negligible
dimensions. A particle is at rest if originally at rest or has
a constant velocity if originally in motion.
How to know the body is in Equilibrium?
 Equilibrium of a Particle
 A particle is in equilibrium if the resultant of ALL
forces acting on the particle is equal to zero
(Newton’s first law is that a body at rest is not
subjected to any unbalanced forces).

 To maintain equilibrium, it is necessary to satisfy

Newton's first law of motion, which requires the
resultant force acting on a particle to be equal to
zero.
 Equilibrium of a Particle Equation
 This condition may be stated mathematically as:

Sum of all forces acting on a particle =

Condition for Equilibrium of a Particle
 Newton’s second law of motion:
∑F = ma ,
where:
a = acceleration , m = mass
 When the force fulfill Newton's first law of motion:
ma = 0
a=0
 hence, the particle is moving in constant velocity or at
rest.
Condition for Equilibrium of a Particle
 Static
Equilibrium is  DynamicEquilibrium, body
when the body at rest. move and continue to move.
3.2 Free Body Diagram
What is FBD?
 Free Body Diagram (FBD)
a FBD or Free Body Diagram is a sketch to show only the
forces acting on selected body or showing the particle
“free” from the surroundings with all the forces acting on it.

 Representation of all the unknown forces (∑F) which acts

on a body.

 Has two common connections:

Springs, Cables and Pulleys
 Springs
 A mechanical device that can only transmit a tensile force
along itself.

Linear spring:
 A mechanical device which exerts a force along its line of
action and proportional to its extension.
 Magnitude
of force when spring is elongated or
compressed or Spring Force is: (F = ks)
 Springs
(F = ks)
Where:
k = spring constant
s =deformation(difference of deformed
length and its undeformed length)

If s is positive, F “pull” onto the spring

If s is negative, F “push” onto the spring
 Cables and Pulley
 Cables are assumed to have negligible weight and they
cannot stretch. They can only support tension or
pulling . Pulleys are assumed to be frictionless.

 The tension force in a continuous cable passing over a

frictionless pulley must have a constant magnitude.

 Forany angle θ, the cable is subjected to a constant

tension T throughout its length.
 Cables and Pulley
 Fora frictionless pulley in static
equilibrium, the tension in the cable is
the same on both sides of the
pulley.

With a frictionless pulley:

𝑇 1 =𝑇 2
 
How to draw a Free Body Diagram
1. Draw outlined shape - Imagine the particle isolated or cut “free”
from its surroundings.

2. Show all forces and moments - Include “active forces” and

“reactive forces”. Place each force and couple at the point that it
is applied.

3. Identify each force - Known forces labeled with proper

magnitude and direction. Letters used for unknown quantities.
Add any relevant dimensions onto your picture.
 How to draw a Free Body Diagram

• Force types:
Active Forces - tend to set the particle in motion.
Reactive Forces - result from constraints or supports
and tend to prevent motion.
3.3 Coplanar Force Systems
 Coplanar Systems 2-D
 A particle is subjected to coplanar forces in the x-y plane

 Resolve into i and j components for equilibrium

∑F=0 ∑ F x i   +∑ F y j=0
 

 Forthis vector equation to be satisfied, both the x and y

components must be equal to zero. Hence,
∑Fx = 0
∑Fy = 0
 Coplanar Systems 2-D

 Scalar equations of equilibrium

require that the algebraic sum of
the x and y components to equal
0 (zero).
 Coplanar Systems 2-D
 Senseof direction = an algebraic sign that corresponds to the
arrowhead direction of the component along each axis.

 For unknown magnitude, assume arrowhead sense of the force.

 Since
magnitude of the force is always positive, if the scalar is
negative, the force is acting in the opposite direction.
 Coplanar Systems 3-D
 When a particle is in equilibrium, the vector sum of all
the forces acting on it must be zero.This equation can be
written in terms of its x,y and z components.This form is
written as:
∑F=0 ,
  
¿

This vector equation will be satisfied only when:

∑Fx=0 , ∑Fy=0 , ∑Fz=0
 Coplanar Systems 3-D
 These equations are the three
scalar equations of equilibrium.

 They are valid for any point in

equilibrium and allow you to solve
for up to three unknowns.
 General Approach to
Equilibrium Problems
1. Establish a coordinate axis system.
2. Sketch force vectors (both known and unknown) and
label the given diagram.
3. DRAW A FREE BODY DIAGRAM!
4. Apply the equations of equilibrium.
5. Solve.
Fundamental Problems
 Fundamental Problem # 1
F3-5. If the mass of cylinder C is 40 kg, determine the mass
of cylinder A in order to hold the assembly in the position
shown.
Fundamental Problem # 1
 
Given:


m= 40kg ,
Write the expression for tension in wire
EB.
T= m
Here, the acceleration due to gravity is
 se c 2
g and its values is 9.81m/

Substitute the values in the above

equation.
T= 40g
Fundamental Problem # 1
Write the expression for mass of cylinder A.

Tsinθ
 

M=
g
Substitute the values in the above equation.
  0
40g•sin30
M=
g
Thus, the mass of the cylinder A is 20kg
 Fundamental Problem # 2
F3-6. Determine the tension in cables AB, BC, and CD
necessary to support the 10kg and 15kg traffic lights at B
and C, respectively. Also find the angle θ.
 Fundamental Problem # 2
For tension in cable AB:
  

Convert kg to N to get the unit of Force

 
 Fundamental Problem # 2
For tension on cable BC:

  

F
∑x =0
 Fundamental Problem # 2
For tension on cable CD:
 

Equation 1:
 
Fundamental Problem # 2

Equation  2:
   
Problems
 Problem # 1
3–1. Determine the force in each cord for equilibrium of
the 200-kg crate. Cord BC remains horizontal due to the
roller at C, and AB has a length of 1.5m. Set y=0.75m.
 Problem # 1
So first, we read the problem, take note of the
given and then draw the free body diagram.

So we have weight = 200 kg then y = 0.75m and

also,
F BA =1.5 m
 

After drawing the free body diagram, we then solve

for the required which is the before in each cord for
it to be in equilibrium with the 200 kg crate.
 Problem # 1
For us to easily solve for the required, we need
first to supply for more information or details in
our free body diagram, so in this problem, we
can solve for the angle.

The angle can be solved by following this step:

o
   
0.75
1
sinθ= θ=sin ( )
1.5
h
 Problem # 1
So now we have true angle, now we can start solving for the required.

First we must equate the summation of forces along x and y axis to zero so
that we can achieve equilibrium.

Before anything else, we convert the unit kg into newtons, because newton is
a unit of force and the required in this problem is forces.

To do that we just multiply our mass in kg by 9.8 to covert it into N or

Newtons.
 Problem # 1
All the processes mention above is shown in this equation:
 

+↑∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0 F BA sin300 −200(9.81)=0 3924cos300 F BC=0

   

Just a little bit of algebraic manipulation or just using shift-solve in

the calculator we can get the same results.
 Problem # 2
3-24.If the bucket weighs 50 lb, determine the tension developed in
each of the wires.
 Problem # 2
Given:
W = 50lb
θ = 30∘
Consider the free body diagram at
point E.

Force equilibrium in x-direction.

 

∑ F x=0
 Problem # 2
Substitute the values in the
equation.

3
  

0
FEDcos30 −FEB( )=0
5
Force equilibrium in y-direction.
 

∑ F y =0
 Problem # 2
Substitute the values in the
equation.
 
0.866 F ED
0 
F ED sin 30 + (0.8)− 50=0
0.6
Substitute the value of   F ED
 
0.866×30.299
F EB =
0.6
 Problem # 2
Consider the free body diagram at point
B.

Force equilibrium in x-direction.

  

F
∑ x =0
 Problem # 2
Substitute the values in the
equation.

3
  

0
F BC sin30 −43.630( )=0
5
Force equilibrium in y-direction.
 

∑ F y =0
 Problem # 2
Substitute the values in the
equation.
 
0 4
52.356cos30 +43.630( )−FBA =0
5
Thus,the tension developed in
each wires are:
F BC=52.356  lb
   F BA =80.245  lb

 F EB =43.630  lb  F ED=30.229  lb
Conceptual Problems
BEFORE SOLVING THIS PROBLEM, WE
MUST FIRST FIND THE UNIT VECTORS OF
THE TENSION.
(MUST HAVE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT UNIT
VECTORS BEFORE SOLVING THIS
PROBLEM)
 Based on the figure, we need to find the unit vector (u)
at points AD , AC ,AB and Aw (where w is the weight of
the crate)

  Solving for :
the vectors at A are; 0i + 0j + 0k
(respectively)
vectors at D are; -2i + 2j +1k

=
=A+D= +
  

= -0.667i + 0.667j + 0.333k

   that we have each unit vector, we have to
now


multiply it by their tension

By  equating all of the forces acting upon I,j,k to 0 we


should get:

By algebraic manipulation:
  
Since , we can solve for

2943 N
  
Now,

we can solve for and
P3-1.The concrete wall panel is hoisted into position using the two
cables AB and AC of equal length. Establish appropriate dimension
and use equilibrium analysis to show that the longer the cables the
less the force in each cable.
Before we proceed to proceed on the
question ask we must first
understand the diagram by creating a
Free Body Diagram.
After we have created our FBD, then will procced
to the question asked. Since on the problem does
not provide any value or digits, the best thing that
we could do is by assuming a value on that given
component or specific object.
Assumption:
1st: length is equal for both.

2nd: B and C are fix locations where cables are tied .

3rd: Net weight of concrete block is W

4th: Symmetry

F B= FC =F  in   both  string  or  cables

 
 Now, will use our assumptions by applying or creating
another Free Body Diagram base on the given:

Since, we have our FBD, we can now use our

Trigonometric Identities to prove the concept of the Design.
 Using Trigonometric Identities on the FBD:

 
Now,

W=2Fsinθ
 

This have proved the concept on the diagram

 Chapter 4
Force System Resultant
BES 233 Mechanics 1: Statics of Rigid Bodies
Objectives:

 To discuss the concept of the moment of force and to show how

to calculate it
 To provide a method of finding the moment of a force about a
specified axis
 To present methods for determining the resultants of noncurrent
force systems
4.1 Moment of a Force – Scalar Formulation

When a force is applied to a body it will produce a tendency

for the body to rotate about a point that is not on the line of
action of the force. The tendency to rotate is sometimes
called a torque, but most often it is called the moment of a
force or simply the moment.
Magnitude

  The magnitude of :
= Fd
*F = force
*d = moment arm or
perpendicular distance
4.2 Cross Product
The moment of a force will be formulated using Cartesian vectors.

The cross product of two vectors A and B yields the vector C, which is
written:

C= A X B

*read as C equals A across B

Note: The result is a vector and NOT a scalar
value. For this reason, it is also called the vector
product.

To make this definition easer to remember, we

usually use determinants to calculate the cross
product.
Magnitude
 The magnitude of C is defined as the product of the magnitudes A and B
and the sine of the angle Ɵ between their tails (0⁰ ≤ Ɵ ≤ 180⁰).
C= AB sin Ɵ

Direction
• Vector C has a direction that is perpendicular to
 

the plane containing A and B. Knowing both

magnitude and direction of C, we can write,
C = A X B = (AB sinƟ)

= direction of C
Laws of Operation

 The commutative law is not valid:

A X B ≠ B X A. Therefore, the cross product is not
commutative and the associative law does not hold : (A X
B) X C ≠ A X (B X C).
 Properties of the cross product:
If a, b, and c are vectors and c is a scalar, then
1. a x b = –b x a
2. (ca) x b = c(a x b) = a x (cb)
3. a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c
4. (a + b) x c = a x c + b x c
5. a · (b x c) = (a x b) · c
6. a x (b x c) = (a · c)b – (a · b)c
Cartesian Vector Formulation:
If a =
 and b = , then the cross product of a and b is the vector. Carrying out the
cross product operations and combining terms yields

A XB=
Determinants
• Determinant of order 2:

• Determinant of order 3:
 We can now rewrite the definition for the cross product using these
determinants:
When you take the cross product of two vectors a and b, the resultant vector,
(a x b), is orthogonal to BOTH a and b. We can use the right hand rule to
determine the direction of
a x b.
Another way to calculate the cross product of two vectors is to multiply their
components with each other. (Similar to the distributive property) But first we
need to know,
An easier way to memorize this is to draw a circle with the i, j, and k vectors.
Clockwise relates to the positive orientation and counter clockwise is the
negative orientation.
 4.3 Moment of a Force – Vector Formulation
  To find the moment of F (the tendency to rotate
the body) about the a-axis. First compute the
moment of F about any arbitrary point O that lies
on the a’- a axis using the cross product.
Magnitude
  
The magnitude of the cross product is defined from , where the angle Ɵ is
measured between the tails of r and F.

= F (r sin = Fd
 Cartesian Vector Formulation
• Establishing X, Y, Z coordinate
axes, then the position vector r
and F can be expressed as
Cartesian vectors.
  
Where:


,, : represent the x, y, z components of the position vector drawn from point

O to any point on the line of action of the force
,, : represent the x, y, z components of the force vector
Determinants:

=
4.4 Principle of Moments

• Referred to as Varignon’s Theorem.

• It states that “the moment of a force about a
point is erqual to the sum of the moments of
the components of the force about the point.”

Sincc F = Fl + F2
MO = r x F = rx ( Fl + F2) = r x Fl + r x F2
• For two – dimensional problem
M = Fx y - F y x
This method is generally easier than finding the
same moment using.
MO = Fd
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis

• To determine the turning

effect, only the y component of
the moment is needed. and the
total moment produced is not
important. To determine this
component. we can use it
either a scalar or vector
analysis.
Scalar Analysis
• the moment arm perpendicular distance from
the axis to the line of action of the force is
dy = d cos . the momenl of F about the y axis
is MY = F dY = F (d cos )

Ma = F da
Vector Analysis
• letting ua be the unit
vector that specifics the
direction of the a axis
Ma = ua x ( r x F )
Referred to as Scalar
referred product.
Cartesian Vector Formulation

Form of a Determinants
Where:
represents the x, y, z components of the
unit vector defining the direction of the axis.
represents the x, y, z components of the
positive vector extended from any point O on the
a axis to any point A on the line of action of
force.
represents the x, y, z componentr of the
force vectors.
:Ma as the Cartesian Vector Ma = Ma ua
4.6 Moment of Couple
• A couple is defined as two parallel forces with the
same magnitude but opposite in direction
separated by a perpendicular distance d.
• The moment of a couple is defined as:
MO = F d (using a scalar analysis) or as
MO = r ´ F (using a vector analysis).
• Here r is any position vector from the line of
action of –F to the line of action of F.
Couple moment only depends on F and d
Scalar Formulation: M =Fd

Vector Formulation: M= rxF
4.7 Simplification of a Force and Couple
System
Consider a special case for which the system of
forces and couple moments reduces at point O
of the resultant force FR and couple MR which
are perpendicular to each other.
If the system of forces is either concurrent,
coplanar, or parallel, it can be reduced (as in the
above case), to a single resultant force F R.

This is because in each of these cases FR and MR

will always be perpendicular to each other when
the force system is simplified at any point.
Concurrent Force System

Coplanar Force System

Parallel Force System
4.8 FURTHER SIMPLIFICATION OF A
FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM
When a number of forces and couple
moments are acting on a body, it is
easier to understand their overall
effect on the body if they are
combined into a single force and
couple moment having the same
external effect. the same external
effect
The two force and couple systems
are called equivalent systemssince
they have the same externaleffect on
the body.
When several forces and couple moments
act on a body, you can move each force
and its associated couple moment to a
common point O.

Now you can add all the forces and

couple moments together and find one
resultant force-couple moment pair.
If the force system lies in the x-y plane (a 2-D case), then
the reduced equivalent system can be obtained using the
following three scalar equations.
4.8 Further Simplification of a Force and
Couple System

Uniform pressure along one

axis on a flat rectangular
surface. The load intensity is
of the load represented by
the arrows form a system of
parallel forces, infinite in
numbers, each acting on a
separate differential area.
 Load function, p = p(x)
[pressure uniform in w
x) p f y axis] .Multiply
p=x) with the width a,
we obtain;
w= p(x) a = w x

This loading function is a measure of load

distribution along the line y=0 which is the
plane of symmetry of the loading.
Location of Resultant Force.
EXAMPLE
PROBLEMS
Problem #1
Determine the moment of force about point O.
Free Body Diagram
Solving for distance:
d = 4m – 1m
d = 3m
 
Solving for :
  = Fd
  = (7 kN) (3m)
  = 21.0 kN . m
Problem #2
Determine the moment of force about point O.
Free Body Diagram
Determine the distance

Solving for distance:

X’ = 2 ft cos 30⁰ = 1.73 ft
d = 4 ft + X’
d= 4 ft + 1.73 ft
d = 5.73 ft
 
Solving for :
  = Fd
  = (40 lb) (5.73 ft)
  = 229.2 lb . ft
Problem #3
Determine the moment of force about point O.
Free Body Diagram
 
Determine

  = 300N cos 30⁰ = 259.81 N

  = 300N sin 30 ⁰ = 150 N

Determine X and Y distances

X’ = 0.3m cos 45⁰

Y’ = 0.3m sin 45⁰

Solving for X distance: Solving for Y distance:
  = 0.4 + X’   = Y’ = 0.21 m

  = 0.4 + 0.21 m
  = 0.61 m
 
Solving for :

  =-

  = -(260 N) (0.21 m)+ (150 N) (0.61 m)

  = 36.9 N.m
Problem #4
Determine the resultant moment produced by the
forces about point O.
Free Body Diagram
 
Determine

 
F1Y = 500 N • = 300 N
 F1X = 500 N • = 400 N
 
Determine

F2Y = 600N sin 60o = 520 N

F2x = 600N cos 60o = 300 N
F1Y = 300
N
F1X = 400
N

F2Y = 520 N
F2x = 300 N
 Solving for X distance: Solving for Y distance:
  = 0.125 m + 0.3 m   = 0.25 m

  = 0.4 25 m

 
Solving for :
  =-
 =- (400 N) (0.25 m) + (300 N) (0.425 m)
- (300 N) (0.25 m) – (520 N) (0.425
m)
  = -268.5 N.m
Problem #5
Serious neck injuries can occur when a football
player is struck in the face guard of his helmet in the
manner shown, giving rise to a guillotine
mechanism. Determine the moment of the knee force
P = 50 lb about point A. What would be the
magnitude of the neck force F so that it gives the
counterbalancing moment about A?
Free Body Diagram
 
Determine

  = 50lb cos 60⁰ = 25 lb

  = 50lb sin 60 ⁰ = 43.30 lb

 
Determine

  = (F cos 30⁰) (6 in)

 
Solving for :
  =-
 = - (25 lb ) (2 in) + (43.30 lb) (4 in)
  = 123.2 lb . in

 
Equate and :
  =
123 lb . in = (F cos 30⁰) (6 in)

Solve for F:
  F=

F = 23. 7 lb
Problem #6
The rod on the power control mechanism for a
business jet is subjected to a force of 80N. Determine
the moment of this force about the bearing at A.
Free Body Diagram
 
Determine

  = 80N cos 20⁰ = 75.18 N

  = 80N sin 20 ⁰ = 27.36 N

 Determine X and Y distances

Solving for X distance: Solving for Y distance:

  = 0.15m cos 60 ⁰   = 0.15m sin 60 ⁰

  = 0.075 m   = 0.13 m
 
Solving for :
  =
 = (75.18 N ) (0.13 m) - (27.36 N) (0.075 m)
  = 7.72 N . m
 Chapter 5
Equilibrium of a Rigid body
 CONDITIONS FOR RIGID-BODY
EQUILIBRIUM 136


 Consider rigid body fixed in the

x, y and z reference and is either
at rest or moves with reference at Resultant external force Fi
constant velocity represents the effects of
gravitational, electrical,
magnetic, or contact forces
 Two types of forces that act on it,
between the i^th particle and
the resultant internal force and
the resultant external force adjacent bodies or particles not
included within the body

 Resultant internal force fi is

caused by interactions with Particle in equilibrium, apply
adjacent particles Newton’s first law,
Fi + fi = 0
 137
 When equation of equilibrium 
is applied to each of the other
particles of the body, similar
equations will result Adding
all these equations vectorially,  Only sum of external forces
∑Fi + ∑fi = 0 will remain Let ∑Fi = ∑F, ∑F
 Summation of internal forces = =0
0 since internal forces between  Consider moment of the forces
particles in the body occur in acting on the ith particle about
equal but opposite collinear the arbitrary point O
pairs (Newton’s third law)  By the equilibrium equation
and distributive law of vector
cross product,
ri X (Fi + fi) = ri X Fi + ri X fi = 0
 138
 Similar equations can be written 
for other particles of the body  Equations of Equilibrium

Add a Footer
 Adding all these equations for Rigid Body
vectorially,
∑F = 0 ∑MO = 0
∑ri X Fi + ∑ri X fi = 0
 A rigid body will remain in
 Second term = 0 since internal
equilibrium provided the
forces occur in equal but
opposite collinear pairs
sum of all the external
Resultant moment of each pair forces acting on the body =
of forces about point O is zero 0 and sum of moments of
the external forces about a
 Using notation ∑MO = ∑ri X
Fi, point = 0
∑MO = 0
 For proof of the equation of
equilibrium,
 Assume body in equilibrium
 139
CONDITIONS FOR RIGID-BODY
EQUILIBRIUM

Add a Footer
• Force system acting on the body satisfies the
equations
 ∑F = 0 and ∑MO = 0
• Suppose additional force F’ is applied to the body
 ∑F + F’ = 0
 ∑MO + MO’= 0
• where MO’is the moment of F’ about O - Since
∑F = 0 and ∑MO = 0, we require F’ = 0 and MO’
• Additional force F’ is not required and equations
 ∑F = 0 and ∑MO = 0 are sufficient
FREE-
BODY
DIAGRAM
S
FREE-BODY
DIAGRAMS
FBD IS THE BEST METHOD TO REPRESENT ALL THE
KNOWN AND UNKNOWN FORCES IN A SYSTEM

FBD IS A SKETCH OF THE OUTLINED SHAPE OF THE

BODY, WHICH REPRESENTS IT BEING ISOLATED FROM
ITS SURROUNDINGS

NECESSARY TO SHOW ALL THE FORCES AND COUPLE

MOMENTS THAT THE SURROUNDINGS EXERT ON THE
BODY SO THAT THESE EFFECTS CAN BE ACCOUNTED
FOR WHEN EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM ARE APPLIED
 Types of Connections Number of Unknowns

One unknown, The reaction is a tension force which

acts away from the member in the direction of the
cable.
Cable

One unknown, The reaction is a force which acts along

the axis of the link.
Weightless Link

One unknown, The reaction is a force which acts

perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact.

Roller

One unknown, The reaction is a force which acts

perpendicular to the slot.
Roller or pin in confirmed
smooth slot
 One unknown, The reaction is a force which
acts perpendicular to the surface at the point
of contact.
 SUBTITLE
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ALIQUAM NISI. SUSPENDISSE VEHICULA MI
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PLACERAT, CONGUE MATTIS TURPIS. DONEC
VESTIBULUM EROS EGET MAURIS DIGNISSIM,
UT ULTRICIES DOLOR VIVERRA. PHASELLUS
EFFICITUR ANTE NEC SEM CONVALLIS, IN
ORNARE EST ACCUMSAN. LOREM IPSUM One unknown, The reaction is a force which
DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUR ADIPISCING acts perpendicular to the rod.
ELIT. UT GRAVIDA EROS ERAT. PROIN A TELLUS
SED RISUS LOBORTIS SAGITTIS EU QUIS EST.
Member pin connected
To collar on smooth rod.

14
 Two unknowns, The reaction are two
components of force, or the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force.
Smooth pin or
hinge

Two unknowns, The reactions are the

couple moment and the force which acts
perpendicular to the rod.
Member fixed connected
To collar on smooth rod.

Three unknowns, The reactions are the couple

moment and the two force components, or the
couple moment and the magnitude and direction of
the resultant force
14
FREE-BODY
DIAGRAMS
SUPPORT REACTIONS IF THE SUPPORT PREVENTS THE
TRANSLATION OF A BODY IN A GIVEN DIRECTION,
THEN A FORCE IS DEVELOPED ON THE BODY IN THAT
DIRECTION
IF ROTATION IS PREVENTED, A COUPLE MOMENT IS
EXERTED ON THE BODY
CONSIDER THE THREE WAYS A HORIZONTAL MEMBER,
BEAM IS SUPPORTED AT THE END
ROLLER, CYLINDER
PIN

FIXED SUPPORT
 Support
Reactions
• Roller or cylinder

• Prevent the beam from translating in the

vertical direction

• Roller can only exerts a force on the beam in

the vertical direction

Add a Footer 14
Support
Reactions
 Pin
• The pin passes through a hold in the beam and two
leaves that are fixed to the ground
• Prevents translation of the beam in any direction Φ
• The pin exerts a force F on the beam in this
direction
Support
Reactions
 Fixed Support
• This support prevents both translation and
rotation of the beam
• A couple and moment must be developed on
the beam at its point of connection
• Force is usually represented in x and y
components
 Cable exerts a force on the bracket
Type 1 connections
 Rocker support for this bridge girder
allows horizontal movements so that
the bridge is free to expand and
contract due to temperature
 Type 5 connections
 Concrete Girder rest on the ledge that
is assumed to act as a smooth
contacting surface
 Type 6 connections

 Utility building is pin supported at the

top of the column
 Type 8 connections
 Floor beams of this building are
welded together and thus form fixed
connections
 Type 10 connections
External and
Internal Forces
A RIGID BODY IS A COMPOSITION OF PARTICLES,
BOTH EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES MAY ACT
ON IT
FOR FBD, INTERNAL FORCES ACT BETWEEN
PARTICLES WHICH ARE CONTAINED WITHIN THE
BOUNDARY OF THE FBD, ARE NOT REPRESENTED
PARTICLES OUTSIDE THIS BOUNDARY EXERT
EXTERNAL FORCES ON THE SYSTEM AND MUST BE
SHOWN ON FBD

FBD FOR A SYSTEM OF CONNECTED BODIES MAY BE

USED FOR ANALYSIS
Weight and Center of
Gravity
WHEN A BODY IS SUBJECTED TO GRAVITY, EACH PARTICLE
HAS A SPECIFIED WEIGHT
FOR ENTIRE BODY, CONSIDER GRAVITATIONAL FORCES AS
A SYSTEM OF PARALLEL FORCES ACTING ON ALL
PARTICLES WITHIN THE BOUNDARY
THE SYSTEM CAN BE REPRESENTED BY A SINGLE
RESULTANT FORCE, KNOWN AS WEIGHT W OF THE BODY
LOCATION OF THE FORCE APPLICATION IS KNOWN AS THE
CENTER OF GRAVITY
CENTER OF GRAVITY OCCURS AT THE GEOMETRIC
CENTER OR CENTROID FOR UNIFORM BODY OF
HOMOGENOUS MATERIAL FOR NON-
HOMOGENOUS BODIES AND USUAL SHAPES, THE
CENTER OF GRAVITY WILL BE GIVEN
Idealized Models
NEEDED TO PERFORM A CORRECT FORCE ANALYSIS
OF ANY OBJECT
CAREFUL SELECTION OF SUPPORTS, MATERIAL,
BEHAVIOR AND DIMENSIONS FOR TRUSTY RESULTS
COMPLEX CASES MAY REQUIRE DEVELOPING
SEVERAL DIFFERENT MODELS FOR ANALYSIS
CONSIDER A STEEL BEAM USED TO SUPPORT THE
ROOF JOISTS OF A BUILDING
FOR FORCE ANALYSIS, REASONABLE TO ASSUME
RIGID BODY SINCE SMALL DEFLECTIONS OCCUR
WHEN BEAM IS LOADED
BOLTED CONNECTION AT A WILL ALLOW FOR
SLIGHT ROTATION WHEN LOAD IS APPLIED => USE
PIN
Idealized Models
SUPPORT AT B OFFERS NO RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT => USE ROLLER
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS USED TO
SPECIFY THE ROOF LOADING
(CALCULATIONS OF THE JOIST FORCES)
LARGE ROOF LOADING FORCES ACCOUNT
FOR EXTREME LOADING CASES AND FOR
DYNAMIC OR VIBRATION EFFECTS
WEIGHT IS NEGLECTED WHEN IT IS
SMALL COMPARED TO THE LOAD THE
BEAM SUPPORTS
Idealized
Models
• Consider lift boom, supported by pin
at A and hydraulic cylinder at BC
(treat as weightless link)
• Assume rigid material with density
known
• For design loading P, idealized model
is used for force analysis
• Average dimensions used to specify
the location of the loads and supports
Example 5.1
Draw the free-body diagram of the uniform
beam. The beam has a mass of 100kg.
Solution
SUPPORT AT A IS A FIXED WALL
THREE FORCES ACTING ON THE BEAM AT A
DENOTED AS AX, AY, AZ, DRAWN IN AN
ARBITRARY DIRECTION
UNKNOWN MAGNITUDES OF THESE
VECTORS
ASSUME SENSE OF THESE VECTORS
FOR UNIFORM BEAM,
WEIGHT, W = 100(9.81) = 981N
ACTING THROUGH BEAM’S CENTER OF
GRAVITY, 3M FROM A
Example 5.5
The free-body diagram of each object is
drawn. Carefully study each solution and
identify what each loading represents.
EQUATIONS OF
EQUILIBRIUM
• For equilibrium of a rigid body in 2D,
 ∑Fx = 0; ∑Fy = 0; ∑MO = 0
• ∑Fx and ∑Fy represent the algebraic
sums of the x and y components of all
the forces acting on the body
• ∑MO represents the algebraic sum of
the couple moments and moments of
the force components about an axis
perpendicular to x-y plane and passing
through arbitrary point O, which may
lie on or off the body
Alternative Sets of
Equilibrium Equations
CONSIDER FBD OF AN ARBITRARILY
SHAPED BODY
ALL THE FORCES ON FBD MAY BE
REPLACED BY AN EQUIVALENT
RESULTANT FORCE
FR = ∑F ACTING AT POINT A AND A
RESULTANT MOMENT MRA = ∑MA IF
∑MA = 0 IS SATISFIED, MRA = 0
Alternative Sets of
Equilibrium Equations
IF FR SATISFIES ∑FA = 0, THERE IS NO
COMPONENT ALONG THE A AXIS AND
ITS LINE OF AXIS IS PERPENDICULAR TO
THE A AXIS

IF ∑MB = 0 WHERE B DOES NOT LIES ON

THE LINE OF ACTION OF FR, FR = 0 SINCE
∑F = 0 AND ∑MA = 0, THE BODY IS IN
EQUILIBRIUM
Alternative Sets of
Equilibrium Equations
A SECOND SET OF ALTERNATIVE
EQUATIONS IS
∑MA = 0; ∑MB = 0; ∑MC = 0
POINTS A, B AND C DO NOT LIE ON THE
SAME LINE
CONSIDER FBD, IF ∑MA = 0, MRA = 0
∑MA = 0 IS SATISFIED IF LINE OF ACTION OF
FR PASSES THROUGH POINT B
∑MC = 0 WHERE C DOES NOT LIE ON LINE
AB
FR = 0 AND THE BODY IS IN EQUILIBRIUM
Example
The link is pin-connected at a and rest a
smooth support at B. Compute the
horizontal and vertical components of
reactions at pin A
Alternative Sets of Equilibrium
Equations
 FBD

• Reaction NB is perpendicular to the

link at B Horizontal and vertical
components of reaction are
represented at A
Alternative Sets of Equilibrium Equations
 Solution:
TWO- AND THREE-FORCE
MEMBERS
 Simplify some equilibrium problems
by recognizing embers that are
subjected top only 2 or 3 forces
 Two-Force Members
 When a member is subject to no
couple moments and forces are applied
at only two points on a member, the
member is called a two-force member
TWO- AND THREE-FORCE
MEMBERS
 Example: Forces at A and B are
summed to obtain their respective
resultants FA and FB
 These two forces will maintain
translational and force equilibrium
provided FA is of equal magnitude and
opposite direction to FB
 Line of action of both forces is known
and passes through A and B
 Hence, only the force magnitude must be determined
or stated Other examples of the two-force members
held in equilibrium are shown in the figures to the
right
TWO- AND THREE-FORCE
MEMBERS
 If a member is subjected to only three
forces, it is necessary that the forces be
either concurrent or parallel for the
member to be in equilibrium To show
the concurrency requirement, consider
a body with any two of the three forces
acting on it, to have line of actions that
intersect at point O
TWO- AND THREE-FORCE
MEMBERS
 To satisfy moment equilibrium about
O, the third force must also pass
through O, which then makes the force
concurrent If two of the three forces
parallel, the point of currency O, is
considered at “infinity” Third force
must parallel to the other two forces to
insect at this “point”
TWO- AND THREE-FORCE
MEMBERS
 Bucket link AB on the back hoe is a
typical example of a two-force
member since it is pin connected at its
end provided its weight is neglected,
no other force acts on this member

 The hydraulic cylinder is pin

connected at its ends, being a two-
force member
TWO- AND THREE-FORCE
MEMBERS
THE BOOM ABD IS SUBJECTED TO THE
WEIGHT OF THE SUSPENDED MOTOR AT D,
THE FORCES OF THE HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
AT B, AND THE FORCE OF THE PIN AT A. IF
THE BOOM’S WEIGHT IS NEGLECTED, IT IS A
THREE-FORCE MEMBER.
THE DUMP BED OF THE TRUCK OPERATES
BY EXTENDING THE HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
AB. IF THE WEIGHT OF AB IS NEGLECTED, IT
IS A TWO-FORCE MEMBER SINCE IT IS PIN-
CONNECTED AT ITS END POINTS
TWO- AND THREE-FORCE
MEMBERS
EXAMPLE 5.13 THE LEVER ABC IS PIN-
SUPPORTED AT A AND CONNECTED TO A
SHORT LINK BD. IF THE WEIGHT OF THE
MEMBERS ARE NEGLIGIBLE,
DETERMINE THE FORCE OF THE PIN ON
THE LEVER AT A.
TWO- AND THREE-FORCE
MEMBERS
SOLUTION: FBD SHORT LINK BD IS A
TWO-FORCE MEMBER, SO THE
RESULTANT FORCES AT PINS D AND B
MUST BE EQUAL, OPPOSITE AND
COLLINEAR MAGNITUDE OF THE FORCE
IS UNKNOWN BUT LINE OF ACTION
KNOWN AS IT PASSES THROUGH B AND
D LEVER ABC IS A THREE-FORCE
MEMBER
TWO- AND THREE-FORCE
MEMBERS
SOLUTION: FBD FOR MOMENT
EQUILIBRIUM, THREE NONPARALLEL
FORCES ACTING ON IT MUST BE
CONCURRENT AT O FORCE F ON THE
LEVER AT B IS EQUAL BUT OPPOSITE TO
THE FORCE F ACTING AT B ON THE LINK
DISTANCE CO MUST BE 0.5M SINCE
LINES OF ACTION OF F AND THE 400N
FORCE ARE KNOWN
TWO- AND THREE-FORCE
MEMBERS
EQUILIBRIUM IN THREE DIMENSIONS (FBD)
Types of Connections Reaction Number of Unknowns

One unknown. The reaction is a force which acts

away from the member in the known direction of
the cable.
cable

One unknown. The reaction Is a force which

acts perpendicular to the surface at the point of
Smooth Surface Support contact.

One unknown. The reaction is a force which

acts perpendicular to the surface at the point of
contact.
Roller
 EQUILIBRIUM IN THREE DIMENSIONS (FBD)

Three unknowns. The reactions are three-rectangular

force components.

Ball and socket

Four unknowns. The reactions are two force and

two couple-moment components which act
perpendicular to the shaft.
Single journal bearing
 EQUILIBRIUM IN THREE DIMENSIONS (FBD)
Types of Connection Reaction Number of Unknowns

Five unknowns. The reactions are two

Single journal bearing forces and three couple-moment components.
with square shaft

Five unknowns. The reactions are three

force and two couple-moment components.
Single thrust bearing

Five unknowns. The reactions are three

force and two couple-moment components.
Single smooth pin
 EQUILIBRIUM IN THREE DIMENSIONS (FBD)

Five unknowns. The reactions are three force

and two couple-moments components.
Single hinge

Six unknowns. The reactions are three

force and three couple-moment components.
Fixed support
EQUILIBRIUM IN THREE
DIMENSIONS (FBD)
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT PROVIDES A
CONNECTION FOR THE HOUSING OF AN
EARTH GRADER TO ITS FRAME

JOURNAL BEARING SUPPORTS THE END

OF THE SHAFT
EQUILIBRIUM IN THREE
DIMENSIONS (FBD)
THRUST BEARING IS USED TO SUPPORT
THE DRIVE SHAFT ON THE MACHINE

PIN IS USED TO SUPPORT THE END OF

THE STRUT USED ON A TRACTOR
EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

VECTOR EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

FOR TWO CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID
BODY IN VECTOR FORM,
∑F = 0
∑MO = 0
WHERE ∑F IS THE VECTOR SUM OF ALL THE EXTERNAL
FORCES ACTING ON THE BODY AND ∑MO IS THE SUM OF
THE COUPLE MOMENTS AND THE MOMENTS OF ALL THE
FORCES ABOUT ANY POINT O LOCATED EITHER ON OR
OFF THE BODY.
 EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
SCALAR EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
IF ALL THE APPLIED EXTERNAL FORCES AND
COUPLE MOMENTS ARE EXPRESSED IN
CARTESIAN VECTOR FORM
∑F = ∑FXI + ∑FYJ + ∑FZK = 0
∑MO = ∑MXI + ∑MYJ + ∑MZK = 0
I, J AND K COMPONENTS ARE INDEPENDENT
FROM ONE ANOTHER
 EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

SCALAR EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

∑FX = 0, ∑FY = 0, ∑FZ = 0 SHOWS THAT THE SUM OF
THE EXTERNAL FORCE COMPONENTS ACTING IN THE
X, Y AND Z DIRECTIONS MUST BE ZERO.
∑MX = 0, ∑MY = 0, ∑MZ = 0 SHOWS THAT THE SUM OF
THE MOMENT COMPONENTS ABOUT THE X, Y AND Z
AXES TO BE ZERO.
CONSTRAINTS FOR A RIGID
BODY
TO ENSURE THE EQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID BODY,
IT IS NECESSARY TO SATISFY THE EQUATIONS
EQUILIBRIUM AND HAVE THE BODY PROPERLY
HELD OR CONSTRAINED BY ITS SUPPORTS

REDUNDANT CONSTRAINTS
MORE SUPPORT THAN NEEDED FOR
EQUILIBRIUM STATICALLY INDETERMINATE:
MORE UNKNOWN LOADINGS ON THE BODY
THAN EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM AVAILABLE
FOR THEIR SOLUTION
CONSTRAINTS FOR A RIGID BODY

REDUNDANT CONSTRAINTS
EXAMPLE
-FOR THE 2D AND 3D PROBLEMS, BOTH ARE
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BECAUSE OF
ADDITIONAL SUPPORTS REACTIONS IN 2D,
THERE ARE 5 UNKNOWNS BUT 3 EQUILIBRIUM
EQUATION CAN BE DRAWN.
CONSTRAINTS FOR A RIGID BODY

REDUNDANT CONSTRAINTS EXAMPLE IN 3D,

THERE ARE 8 UNKNOWNS BUT 6 EQUILIBRIUM
EQUATIONS CAN BE DRAWN ADDITIONAL
EQUATIONS INVOLVING THE PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF THE BODY ARE NEEDED TO
SOLVE INDETERMINATE PROBLEMS.
5-54 Example
 The uniform rod AB has a weight of 15 lb and
the spring is unstretched when Ө = 0°. If Ө =
30°, determine the stiffness k of the spring.
5-55 Example
 The horizontal beam is supported by springs at
its ends. Each spring has a stiffness of k = 5
kN/m and is originally unstretched so that the
beam is in the horizontal position . Determine
the angle of tilt of the beam if a load of 800 N
is applied at point C as shown.
5.70 EXAMPLE
 
 Determine the tension in cable BD and CD and x, y, z
components of reaction at the ball-and-socket joint at
A.

 Solution:
 = (-1i+1.5j+3k)m;
 =-0.2857
 In a similar manner,


   Thus, using the components of and , the scalar equations
of equilibrium become:
 = 0; -0.2857-0.2857
 = 0; -0.4286 = 0
 =0;
 = 0; -(0.8571 )(1.5)-(0.8571
 Solving
= =117 N Ans
 = 66.7 N Ans
 = 0 Ans
 5-87 Example

 A uniform square table having a weight W and

sides a is supported by three vertical legs.
Determine the smallest vertical force P that
can be applied to its top that will cause it to tip
over.
THANK YOU
 CHAPTER 6
Structural Analysis
OBJECTIVES:

 To show how to determine the forces In the members of a truss using

the method of joints and the method of sections.

 To analyze the forces acting on the members of frames and machines

composed of pin.connected members.
 A truss is a structure ,composed of slender members joined together at
their end points. The members commonly used in construction consist of
wooden struts or metal bars. In particular, planar trusses lie in a single
plane and are often used to support roofs and bridges.
 In the case of a bridge. such as shown in Fig. above, the load on the deck is first
transmitted to stringers then to floor beams and finally to the joints of the two
supporting side trusses. Like the roof truss, the bridge truss loading is also
coplanar. When bridge or roof trusses extend over large distances. a rocker or
roller is commonly used for supporting one end, for example, joint A in picture
above. This type of support allows freedom for expansion or contraction of the
members due to a change in temperature or application of loads.
 Assumptions for Design
 To design both the members and the connections of a
truss, it is necessary first to determine the force
developed in each member when the truss is subjected to
a given loading.To do this we will make two important
assumptions:

 • All Ioadings are applied at the joints. In most situations, such as for
bridges and roof trusses, this assumption is true. Frequently the
weight o f the members is neglected because the force supported by
each member is usually much larger than its Weight. However, if the
weight is to be included in the analysis, it is generally satisfactory to
apply it as a vertical force. with half of it’s magnitude applied at each
end of the member.
 The members are joined together by
smooth pins. The joint connections are
usually formed by bolting or welding
the ends of the members to a common
plate, called a gusset plate as shown in
Fig_ 6-3a, or by simply passing a large
bolt or pin through each or the
members. Fig. 6-3b. We can assume
these connections acts as pins provided
the center lines of the joining members
are concurrent in Fig. 6-3.
 Because of these two assumptions each
truss member will act as a two force at
each end of the member will be directed
along the axis of the member. If the force
ends to elongate the member, it is a
Tensile Force (T) , whereas if it tends to
shorten the member, it is a compressive
force (C) Often. compression members
must be made thicker than tension
members because of the buckling or
column effect that occurs when a member
is in compression.
 Simple Truss. If three members are pin connected
at their ends they form a triangular truss that will
be rigid. Fig. 6-5, attaching two more members
and connecting these members to a new joint D
forms a larger truss. Fig. 6-6. This procedure carn
be repeated as many times as desired to form an
even Iarger truss. If a truss can be constructed by
expanding the basic triangular truss in this way, itis
called a simple truss.
The Method of Joints
• Method of Joints

-Unknown forces can also be

assumed after applying the
equilibrium equations:
-result is negative,then
reverse direction
-result is positive , direction
assumed is correct

-Always assume the unknown

forces acting on the joint to be
in tension.
• Method of Joints
- if the entire truss is in equilibrium, then each of its
joints is also in equilibrium
-only Fx =0 and Fy= 0 need to be satisfied for
equilibrium on each joints of the truss.
Method of Joints
On the free body diagram,
-FBA is "pulling" on the
pin,therefore it is in tension.
-FBC is "pushing" onthe
pin,therefore it is in
compression
- When using the method of
joints,always start at a joint
having at atleast one known
force; and at most two
unknown forces.
- In fig.5-7,the starting joint
must be at B.
• Method of Joints
- The direction of an unknown force on a joint can be
determined through an inspection.
- In Fig. 6-7b FBC must push on the pin (compression) since its
horizontal component, FBCsin 45° must balance the 500N force.
(500N – FBCx = 0)

-FBA is a tensile force since it

balances the vertical
component, FBC cos 45°.
(-FBA + FBC cos 45° = 0)
(500N – FBCx ) + (-FBA +
FBC cos 45° )= 0 at joint
B.Do the same for remaining
joints.
 Procedure for analysis

1. Draw the free body diagram of a joint having atleast one known force ant
atmost two unknown forces.
2. Resolve the forces on the free-body diagram into their x and Y components
and then apply the two force equilibrium equations Fx =0 and Fy= 0. Solve
for the two unknown member forces and verify their direction.
3. Using the results calculated, continue to analyze each of the other joints.
EXAMPLE:
Solution:
1.Start analysis at joint C.
Create Free Body Diagram at joint C.

-The FBC is in compression to balance

the vertical 400N force.And FCD is in
compression to balance the horizontal
force of FBC.
Solution:

Create equilibrium equation for x and y components,and

solve:
Solution:
2.Using the calculations at step 1,solve for forces at
joint D.

- FAD negative sign indicates that it is a

compression force.Then solve Fx.
Solution:

3. Using calculations of Step 1 and 2,solve forces at joint A.

Zero – Force Members
A Zero – Force member is a member in truss that carries
zero force in it and it is provided for the stability purposes
Rules for identifying the Zero – Force member

• If the only two non-collinear members are connected to

a joint that has no external loads or reactions applied to it,
then the force in both members is zero.
0
0 A

0 0
0 A
A 0
Rules for identifying the Zero – Force member

• If there are three members at a joint out of which two

are collinear and no external force acts/ applied to that
joint then the third non collinear member is a zero force
member.
F
0
A
F
Rules for identifying the Zero – Force member

• If there are only two members at a joint and the external

force is along one of the member, then the other member
is a Zero – Force member.

0
A
VA
Determine the force in each member of the truss. State if the members
are in tension or compression.
Determine the force in each member of the truss and state if the
members are in tension or compression.

a  = tan -1 *
a = 26.57o

a
  D
@   C
@   E
@

600 - DC(sin a) = 0 -FCE(cos a) = 0 900 - FEB(sin 45O) = 0

FDC = 1341.64 N [Compression] FCE = 0 FEB = 1272.79 N [Compression]

1341.64(cos a) – DE = 0 FCB – 1341.64 = 0 1200 + 1272.79(cos 45O) – FEA = 0

FDE = 1200 N [Tension] FCB = 1341.64 N [Compression] FEA = 2100 N [Tension]
The Method of Sections
♦USED TO DETERMINE THE
LOADINGS WITHIN A BODY.
♦ IF A BODY IS IN EQUILIBRIUM,
ANY PART OF THE BODY IS IN
EQUILIBRIUM.
♦ TO DETERMINE THE FORCES
WITHIN THE MEMBERS, AN
IMAGINARY SECTION INDICATED
BY THE BLUE LINE, CAN BE
USED TO CUT EACH MEMBER
INTO TWO AND EXPOSE EACH
INTERNAL FORCE AS EXTERNAL.
 IT CAN BE SEEN THAT EQUILIBRIUM
REQUIRES THE MEMBER IN TENSION (T)
BE SUBJECTED TO A PULL AND THE
MEMBER IN COMPRESSION (C) BE
SUBJECTED TO A PUSH
 METHOD OF SECTION CAN BE USED TO
CUT OR SECTION MEMBERS OF AN
ENTIRE TRUSS
 APPLY EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM ON
THAT PART TO DETERMINE THE
MEMBERS
 Consider the truss shown

To determine the force

in the member GC,
section aa would be
considered.
 Consider the FBD.
 Note the line of action of
each member force is
specified from the
geometry of the truss.

Mem
one ber for
p c
equ art of es acti
al a th n
acti nd o e trus g on
ng o ppo s ar
New n th site e
ton’ e o to th
s La ther ose
w part
–
 Members assumed to be in tension (BC and
GC) are subjected to a pull whereas the
member in compression (GF) is subjected to a
push
 Apply equations of equilibrium
 Procedure
for Analysis:
Free-Body Diagram
*Decide how to cut or session the truss through
the members where forces are to be determined
*Before isolating the appropriate section,
determine the truss’s external reactions.
*Use the equilibrium equations to solve for
member forces at the cut session.
 Procedurefor Analysis:
Free-Body Diagram
*Draw the FBD of that part of the sectioned
truss which has the least number of forces
acting on it
*Use one of the two methods for
establishing the sense of an unknown
member force
Equations of Equilibrium
*Moments are summed about a point that lies at
the intersection of lines of action of the two
unknown forces
*The third unknown force is determined directly
from moment equation
* If two of the unknown forces are parallel, forces
may be summed perpendicular to the direction of these unknowns to
determine the third unknown force
 Example 6.5
Determine the force in members GE, GC,
and BC of the truss. Indicate whether the
members are in tension or compression.
Solution:
Choose section aa since it cuts through the three members.
FBD of the entire truss.
Solution:
FBD of the sectioned truss
The internal drag truss for the wing of a light airplane is subjected to
the forces shown. Determine the force in members BC, BH, and HC,
and state if the members are in tension or compression.
Space Truss
 TRUSSES
Trusses are used commonly in Steel
buildings and bridges.
Definition:
A truss is a structure that consists of Note:
straight members connected together Every member of a truss is a 2 force
with pin joints connected only at the member. Trusses are assumed to be
ends of the members and all external of negligible weight (compared to
forces (loads & reactions) must be the loads they carry)
applied only at the joints.
TYPES OF SPACE
TRUSSES

1. Simple Space Truss

This truss is
constructed from a
tetrahedron. The
truss can be enlarged
by adding three
members.
TYPES OF SPACE
TRUSSES

2. Compound Space
truss is constructed
by Truss This
combining two or
more simple truss.
TYPES OF SPACE
TRUSSES

3. Complex Space
Truss Complex truss is
a truss that cannot be
classified as simple
truss or compound
truss.
Assumption for Design
Procedure for Analysis
METHODS OF JOINTS
Procedure for Analysis

METHODS OF SECTION
EXAMPLE

FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
SOLUTION
SOLUTION FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
FRAMES AND
MACHINES
 6.4 Methods of
6.5 Space Trusses
6.3 Zero-Force
Members Sections 6.6 Frames
and Machines
 6.6 Frames and Machines
 Frames and machines are two types of structures which are often composed of
pin-connected multiforce members, i.e. members that are subjected to more
than two forces. Frames are used to support loads, whereas machines contain
moving parts and are designed to transmit and alter the effect of forces.
Provided a frame or machine contains no more supports or members than are
necessary to prevent its collapse, the forces acting at the joints and supports can
be determined by applying the equations of equilibrium to each of its members.
Once these forces are obtained, it is then possible to design the size of the
members, connections, and supports using the theory of mechanics of materials
and an appropriate engineering design code.
 Free-Body Diagrams.
In order to determine the forces acting at the joints and supports of a frame or
machine, the structure must be disassembled and the free-body diagrams of its
parts must be drawn. The following important points must be observed:

• Isolate each part by drawing its outline shape. Then show all the forces and/for
couple moments that act on the part. Make sure to label or identify each known and
unknown force and couple moment with reference to an established x, y coordinate
system. Also. indicate any dimensions used for taking moments. Most often the
equations of equilibrium are easier to apply if the forces are represented by their
rectangular components. As usual, the sense of an unknown force or couple moment
can be assumed.
• Identify all the two-force members in the structure and represent their free-body
diagrams as having two equal but opposite collinear forces acting at their points of
application. By recognizing the two-force members, we can avoid solving an
unnecessary number of equilibrium equations.

• Forces common to any contacting members act with equal magnitudes but opposite
sense on the respective members. If the two members are treated as a “system” of
connected members, then these forces are “internal” and are not shown on the free-body
diagram of the system: however, if the free-body diagram of each member is drawn, the
forces are “external” and must be shown on each of the free-body diagrams.
The following examples graphically how to draw the free-body diagrams of a dismembered frame or machine. In all
cases, the weight of the members is neglected.

1. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of force which the pin at C exerts
on member BC of the frame.
2. The compound beam shown below is pin-connected at B. Determine the components of
reaction at its supports. Neglect its weight and thickness.
 Procedure for Analysis
The joint reactions on frames or machines (structures) composed of multiforce members
can be determined using the following procedure.

Free- Body Diagram

• Draw the free-body diagram of the entire frame or machine, a portion of it, or each of its
members. The choice should be made so that it leads to the most direct solution of the
problem.

•When the free-body diagram of a group members of a frame or machine is drawn, the
forces between the connected parts of this group are internal forces and are not shown on
the free-body diagram of the group.

•Forces common to two members which are in contact act with equal magnitude but
opposite sense on the respective free-body diagrams of the members
•Two-force members, regardless of their shape, have equal but opposite collinear forces
acting at the ends of the members.

•In many cases it is possible to tell by inspection the proper sense of the unknown forces
acting on a member; however, if this seems difficult, the sense can be assumed.

•Remember that a couple moment is a free vector and can act at any point on the free-
body diagram. Also, a force is a sliding vector and can act at any point along its line of
action.
Equations of Equilibrium
•Count the number of unknowns and compare it to the total number of equilibrium
equations that are available. In two dimensions, there are three equilibrium equations that
can be written for each member.

•Sum moments about a point that lies at the intersection of the lines of action of as many
of the unknown forces as possible

•If the solution of a force or couple moment magnitude is found to be negative, it means
the sense of the force is the reverse of that shown on the free-body diagram
End
.D
 Chapter 7:
Internal Force
7.1 Internal Forces Development
in Structural Members
Procedure for Analysis

The method of sections can be used to determine the internal loadings on Ihe cross
section of a member using the following procedure.

Support Reaction
 Before the member is sectioned, it may first be necessary to determine it’s support
reactions. so that the equilibrium equations can be used to solve for the internal
loadings only after the member is sectioned.
Free-Body Diagram
• Keep all distributed loadings, couple moments, and forces acting on the
member in their exact loactions, then pass an imaginary section through the
member, perpendicular to its axis at the point where the inlernal loadings arc
to be determined.
• After the section is made, draw a free-body diagram of the segment that has
the least number of loads on it, and indicate the components of the internal
force and couple moment resultants at the cross section acting in their positive
directions to the established sign convention.
Equations of Equilibrium
• Moments should be summed at the section. This way the
normal and shear forces at the section are eliminated, and
we can obtain a direct solution for the moment.
• If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a
negative scalar, the sense of the quantity is opposite to that
shown on the free body diagram.
EXAMPLES:
7.1 Determine the internal normal force and shear force,
and the bending moment in the beam at points C and D.
Assume the support at B is a roller. Point C is located just
to the right of the 8-kip load.
FREE BODY DIAGRAM

FBD A. FBD B. FBD C.

Solution:
Support Reactions : Internal forces : FBD
FBD A. B. (segment AC) Segment BD: FBD C.

+ΣF = 0; N =0
+ ΣF = 0; N = 0
x D

x c

+ ΣF = 0;V + 1.00 = 0
+ΣM =0; By(24)+40-8(8)=0By =
A + ΣF = 0;
y 7.00 – 8.00 - Vc = 0
y
VD = -1.00 kip
D

1.00 kip Vc = -1.00 kip

+ ΣF =0; Ay +1.00-8=0 + ΣM =0; 1(8) + 40 - Mc =

ΣM =0
D
A
+ Mc - 7(8) = 0
c 0 MD = 48 kip – ft.
Ay = 7.00 kip
Mc = 56 kip – ft.

+ ΣF =0 A = 0
z Z
7.9 The bolt shank is subjected to a tension of 80 lb..
Determine the internal normal force, shear force, and
moment at point C.
Solution:

FBD: Solution:

+ΣF = 0;
x Nc + 80 = 0 Nc = -80
lb

+ ΣFy = 0; VC = 0

+ ΣMC= 0; Mc + 80(6)
=0 MC = -480 lb-in.
7.3 Determine the internal normal force, shear force, and
moment at point C in the simply supported beam, Point C
is located just to the right of the 1500 lb-ft couple
moment.
Free Body Diagram:
Solution:
Writing the moment of equilibrium about point A with reference to Fig. (a.).
+ΣM A = 0; FB cos30⁰(12)-500(12)(16)-1500 = 0 FB = 3608.44lb
Using the result of FB and referrinh to Fig. (b).

+ ΣF = 0;
X NC -3608.44sin30⁰ = 0 NC = -1804 lb.

+ ΣF = 0; V
Y c + 3608.44cos30⁰-500(6) = 0 VC = -125 lb.

+ ΣM = 0;
C 3608.44cos30⁰(6)-500(6)(3) – MC = 0 MC = 9750 lb-ft
Note: the negative sign indicates that NC and VC act in the opposite to that shown
on the FBD.
Example 7.4 Determine the normal force, shear force and
bending moment acting at point
E of the frame loaded as shown in the figure below.
Free Body Diagram:
Solution:

 By, inspection, members AC and CD are two force members. In order to

determine the internal loadings at E, we must first determine the force R acting at
the end of member AC. To obtain it, we will analyze the equilibrium of the pin at
C. Summing forces in the vertical direction on the pin in our FBD, we have

 +Σ FY = 0; Rsin45⁰-600N= 0; R=848.5 N
Free Body Diagram of segment CE:
Equation of Equilibrium:

+ ΣFX = 0; 848.5cos45⁰N - VE= 0 VE = 600N

+ ΣFY= 0; -848.5sin45⁰N + NE = 0 NE = 600N

+ ΣME= 0; 848.5cos45⁰N(0.5m – ME = 0 ME = 300N-m

Note: These results indicate a poor design. Member AC should be

straight (from A to C) so that bending within the member is eliminated. If
AC were straight then the internal force would only create tension in the
member.
Example 7.1 determine the normal force, shear force and bending
moment acting just to the left, point B and just to the right, point
C, of the 6.1kN force on the beam in the figure below.
 Solution: The free-body diagram of the beam is shown in figure
below. When determining the external reactions, realize that the 9-
kN -m couple moment is <I free vector and therefore it can be placed
anywhere on the free-body diagram of the entire beam. Here we will
only determine Ay, since the left segments will be used for the
analysis.

+ ΣMD= 0; 9kN∙m + (6kN)(6m) – AY (9m) = 0 AY = 5kN

 Free-Body Diagrams: The free-body diagrams of the left
segments AB and AC of the beam arc shown in below and earlier. In
this case the 9-kN · m couple moment is not included on these
diagrams sincc it must be kept in its original position until after the
section is made and the appropriate segment is isolated.
Equations of Equilibrium
Segment AB:

+ ΣF = 0;
X NB= 0

+ ΣF = 0;
Y 5kN - VB = 0 VB = 5kN NOTE: The negative sign indicates
that Vc acts in thc opposite sense to
+ ΣM = 0;
B -(5kN)(3m) + MB = 0 MB = 15kN-m that shown on the FBD. Also, moment
arm for the 5-kN force in both cases is
Segment Ac: approximately 3 m since B and C are
almost coincident.

+ ΣF = 0;
X NC= 0

+ ΣF = 0;
Y 5kN - 6kN- VC = 0 VC = -1kN

+ ΣM = 0;
B -(5kN)(3m) + MC = 0 MC = 15kN-m
7.2 Shear and Moment
Equations and Diagram
  
FY = 0;
A Vcut – 6kN = 0
VCUT
Y
Vcut = 6kN
M=0;
MCUT Mcut + MA – Vcut(x) = 0
Mcut +18kN-m – 6kN(x) = 0
Mcut = 6x – (18kN-m)

 
FY = 0 ; Where : 0 ≦ x ≦ 3m
AY = 6kN Legend :
MA = 0; V – Shear force
MA = 6kN(3m) M – Moment
MA = 18kN-m
 Since no force acting at
w the end of the beam so:
FY = w(x)
MCUT FY = (2x)(x/2)
VCUT
FY = x2 kN
Ratio and Proportion:
w/x = (6kN/m)/3m ∑FY = FY – VCUT = 0
w = (2x)kN/m2 VCUT = -FY = -x2 kN

Distribution of force must be at x has unit meter so

the middle of x or (x/2). meter2 was cancelled.
 Centroid

x/3
x
Centroid of the triangle is 1/3 of x from the
perpendicular side.

∑M = [VCUT x Centroid] – MCUT = 0

MCUT = VCUT x Centroid
MCUT = x2 [(1/3)x]
MCUT = (x3/3) kN-m
 ∑FY = AY – 4kN + BY = 0
CUT AY = 4kN – 4kN = 0

When cut:
MCUT

∑FY = 0 = AY –VCUT
AY BY
VCUT = 0
For 0 ≦ x < 3 :
Given: ∑M = MA – MCUT = 0
MA = 12kN-m MCUT = 12kN-m

∑ M = -MA – 4kN(3m) – BY(6m) = 0

BY = (24kN-m)/6m = 4kN
 For 3 < x ≦ 6 :
VCUT

When cut:
MCUT

∑FY = 0 = BY + VCUT
AY BY VCUT = -4kN
∑M = MB – MCUT = 0
Given: MCUT = (4kN-m)(6-x)
MA = 12kN-m MCUT = (24 -4x) kN-m

∑ M = -MA – 4kN(3m) – BY(6m) = 0

BY = (24kN-m)/6m = 4kN
7.3 Relations between Distributed
Load, Shear & Moment
Distributed Load
 Consider the beam AD shown in Fig. 7-13a, which is subjected to
an arbitrary load w=w(x) and a series of concentrated forces and
couple moments.
 The distributed load will considered
positive when the Loading acts upward.
 A free body diagram for a small segment
of the beam having a lenght ▲x is chosen
at point x along the beam which is not
subjected to a concentrated force or
couple moment fig.7.13b
 The internal shear force and bending
shown on the free body diagram are
assumed to act in the positive sense
according to the established sign
convention.
 Both the share force and moment acting on the right hand
face must be increased by a small, finite amount in order to
keep the segment in equilibrium.
 The distributed loading has been replaced by a resultant
force ▲ F=w(x)▲x that acts at a fractional distance k▲x
from the right end where 0 < k < 1.
 Relation Between the Distributed
Load & Shear
 Applying the force equation of equilibrium to the segment,
then

+↑∑Fy =0; V+w(x)-(V+▲V)=0

▲V=w(x)▲x
Dividing by ▲x, and letting ▲x→0,we get
dV/dx =w(x)
slope of shear diagram =distributed load intensity
Relation between the shear and moment
• Applying the moment equation of equilibrium about point
on the free body diagram in fig. 7.13b,we get
+∑Mo =0; (M +▲M)- [w(x)▲x]k▲x - V▲x - M = 0
▲M=V▲x + kw(x)▲x2
Dividing both sides of this equation by ▲x, and letting
▲x→0,yields
dM/dx = V
Slope of moment diagram = shear
Force
 A free body diagram of a small segment
of the beam in fig.7-13a,taken from under
one of the forces is shown in fig. 7-
14a.Here force equilibrium requires
+↑∑Fy =0;
▲V=F
 Since the change in shear is positive, the
shear diagram will “jump” upward when
F acts upward on the beam .Likewise ,the
jump in shear (▲V) is downward when F
is downward.
Couple Moment
 If we remove a segment of the beam in fig.7-
13a that is located at the couple moment Mo
.the free body diagram shown in fig.7-14b
results , In this case letting x→0,Moment
equilibrium requires
+∑M =0 ▲M=Mo
The change in moment is positive or the
moment diagram will “jump” upward if Mo is
clockwise . Likewise , the jump ▲M is downward
when Mo is counterclockwise.
Sample Problem
Solution:
Shear Diagram.
 At end A is -2kN.This value is
plotted at x=0,fig.7-15c. Notice how
the shear diagram is constructed by
following the slopes defined by the
loading w. The shear at x=4m is
-5kN.The reaction of the beam .This
value can be verified by finding the
area under the distributed loading.
V|x=4 = V|x=2 + ▲V
= -2kN - (1.5kN/m)(2m)=-5kN
Moment Diagram:
 The moment of zero at x=0 is plotted
in fig.7-15d.Construction of the
moment diagram is based on
knowing its slope which is equal to
the shear at each point. The change
of moment from x=0 to x=2m is
determined from the area under the
shear diagram ,Hence the moment at
x=2m is
M|x=2= M|x=0 + ▲M
= 0 + [-2kN(2m)]=-4kN*m
 This same value can be determined
2.
Solution:
Shear Diagram:
 The shear of -2kN at end A of the
beam is plotted at x=0,fig7-16c.The
slopes are determined from the
loading and from this the shear
diagram is constructed, as indicated
in the figure . In particular, notice
the positive jump of 10kN at x=4m
due to the force By, as indicated in
the figure.
Moment Diagram:
 The moment of zero at x=0 is plotted
fig.7-16d,then following the behavior of
the slope found from the shear diagram
the moment diagram is constructed.
The moment at x=4m is found from the
area under the shear diagram.
M|x=4= M|x=0 + ▲M
= 0 + [-2kN(4m)]=-8kN*m
 We can also obtain this value by using
the method of sections as shown in
fig.7-16e.
3.
Solution:
Shear Diagram:
 fig.7-17c,the shear at x=0 is
+240lb.following the slope defined by
the loading. The shear diagram is
constructed, where at B its values is
-480lb.fig.7-17e,notice that the intensity
of the distributed load at x is
w=10x,which has been found by
proportional triangles,i.e.,120/12=w/x

+↑∑Fy =0; 240lb-1/2(10x)x=0

X=6.93ft
Moment Diagram:
 The moment diagram starts at 0 since
there is no moment at A, then it is
constructed based on the slope as
determined from the shear diagram. The
maximum moment occurs at x=6.93 ft.,
where the shear is equal to zero, since
dM/dx=V=0,fig.7-17e,
+∑M =0;
Mmax + 1/2[(10)(6.93)]6.93(1/3(6.93))-
240(6.93)=0

Mmax =1109lb.ft
Chapter 7.4: Cables
Cables

Each of the cable segments

remains aprroximately
straight as they support
the weight of these traffic
lights
Cables

 flexible cables and chains combine strength with lightness and often are used in structures
for support and to transmit loads from one member to another.
 When used to support suspension bridges and trolley wheels, cables from the main load-
carrying dement of the structure. In the force analysis of such systems.
 In the force analysis of such systems. The weight of the cable itself may be neglected
because it is often small compared to the load it carries, On the other hand, when cables are
used as transmission lines and guys for radio antennas and derricks, the cable weight may
become important and must be included in the structural analysis.
The Three cases to consider

 Make an assumption that the cable is perfectly flexible and

inextensible. Due to its flexibility, the cable offers no resistance
to bending and therefore, the tensile force acting in the cable is
always tangent to the cable at points along its length.
 Being inextensible the cable has a constant length both before
and after the load is applied.
 As a result. once the load is applied, the geometry of the cable
remains unchanged and the cable or a segment of it can be
treated as a rigid body.
Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads.

 When a cable of negligible weight supports several concentrated loads, the cable
takes the form of several straight line segments, each of which is subjected to a
constant tensile force.
 Sample Problem
1. Determine the tension in each segment of the cable shown in Fig. 7-19a.
Solution:

  Byinspection, there are four unknown
external reactions () and four unknown
cable tensions, one in each cable segment.
 These eight unknowns along with the two
unknown sags and ) can be determined
from the ten available equilibrium
equations.
Solution:


  One method is to apply the force
equations of equilibrium ( to each of the
five points A through E.
 Consider the free-body diagram for the
entire cable Fig. 7- 19/b. Thus,
Solution:
; 


Since the sag is known, we will now

consider the leftmost section, which cuts
cable BC, Fig 7-19c.
Solution:
;
  

;
;

Thus,

.
Solution:
  
Proceeding now to analyse the equilibrium of points A,
C and E.

Point A (Fig. 7-19d).

;
;

.
Solution:
  
Point C (Fig. 7-19e).

;
;

.
Solution:

  
Point E (Fig. 7-19f).

;
;

.
Cable Subjected to a Distributed Load
Let  us now consider the weightless cable shown in


Fig.7-20a, which is subjected to a distributed loading

that is measured in the x direction.
Sample Problem
1.   The cable of a suspension bridge supports half of


the uniform road surface between the two towers

at A and B, Fig. 7- 21a. If this distributed loading
is determine the maximum force developed in
the cable and the cable's required length. The
spam length L and
sag known.
Solution:
1. 2.
Solution:
3.
Cable Subjected to Its Own Weight.
When the weight of a cable becomes
important in the force analysis the
loading function along the cable will
be a function of the arc
length s rather than the
projected length x. To
analyse this problem,
we will consider generalized
loading function w=w(s)
acting along the cable as shown
in Fig. 7- 22a.
Cable Subjected to Its Own Weight.
Cable Subjected to Its Own Weight
Sample Problem

1.   Determine the deflection curve, the length, and the maximum tension in
the uniform cable shown in Fig. 7-23. The cable has a weight per unit
length of .
Solution:
1.
Solution:

2.
Solution:
3.
Solution:
4.
FRICTION
 Friction is a force that resists the movement of
two contracting surfaces that slide relative to one
another. This force always acts tangent to the surface
at the points of contact and is directed so as to
oppose the possible or existing motion between the
surfaces.
By Applying
force to the box BOX FORCE
then it will move.
But there is another force that opposes to the force applied
which is called

BOX FORCE
FRICTION
EXAMPLE 1
How?
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION

Given :
P = 80N
m = 20kg
µs= 0.3
Equation of equilibrium
EXAMPLE 2
 SOLUTION
As shown on the free-body diagram. Fig. 8-9b. The frictional force FA
must act to the right since impending motion at a is to the left. Since the
ladder is on the verge of slipping, then fa = ʯs na = 0.3n". By inspection.
NA can be obtained directly.

Finally, the angle can be determined by summing moments about point A.

EXAMPLE 3
?????
SOLUTION

Given:
P = 200N
m = 50kg
μs = .3
g = 9.81 m/s^2
 W
P = 200N

5
N = 610.5 N 3
Py
4
Solve first the Weight:
W = mg = 50kg (9.81m/s^2) F Px
= 490.5 N
Px = Pcosϴ = 200N (4/5) Py = Psinϴ = 200N (3/5)

= 160 N N = 120 N
Equilibrium Equation

∑Fy = 0 = W + Py – N

N = W + Py = 490.5 N + 120N
N = 610.5N

F = 160 N
Or
∑Fx = 0 = F – Px
F = Px
F =160N F = 160 N
Example 4
F8-4: If the coefficient of static friction at
contact points A and B μs = 0.3, determine
the maximum force P that can be applied
without causing the 100 kg spool to move.
NB + 0.3NA+ P-100(9.81) = 0
NB - 0.09NB+ P-981) = 0
0.91 NB = 981 – P

P(0.6) - 0.3NB (0.9) - 0.3NA (0.9) = 0

NA = 175.70N
NB = 585.67N
P = 343N
 EXAMPLE 5
 
Determine the minimum horizontal P required to hold the crate from sliding
down the plane. The crate has mass of 50 kg and the coefficient of static
friction betwween the crate and plane is = 0.25
FREE BODY DIAGRAM

  =30𝑜
Ɵ
  =30𝑜
Ɵ 50 kg
50 kg

P
P
  =30𝑜
Ɵ  𝐹′ =0.25 𝑁
  =30𝑜
Ɵ F = 0.25 N

  =30𝑜
Ɵ  𝑁 ′
  =30𝑜
Ɵ N
So let solve...... And understand
 SOLUTION
THE EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION

 N -P Eq. 1

  P Eq. 2

Two equation two unknown (Substitute eq.1 to eq.2 ) Now solve for N (Substitute the of P to the eq.1 or eq.2)

  0.25(P+424.78)+P = 0 ;  N – 140
  0.25P+P = 0; N = 494.78 N
  P(0.25 = 0;

  P(0.99) = 0;

P = 139.75 N
 EXAMPLE 6
8–6. The 180-lb man climbs up the ladder
and stops at the position shown after he
senses that the ladder is on the verge of
slipping. Determine the coefficient of
static friction between the friction pad at A
and ground if the inclination of the ladder
is θ = 60˚ and the wall at B is smooth. The
center of gravity for the man is at G.
Neglect the weight of the ladder.
8–6. The 180-lb man climbs up
the ladder and stops at the
position shown after he senses
that the ladder is on the verge of
slipping. Determine the
coefficient of static friction
between the friction pad at A and
ground if the inclination of the
ladder is θ = 60˚ and the wall at B
is smooth. The center of gravity
for the man is at G. Neglect the
weight of the ladder.
8–6. The 180-lb man climbs up
the ladder and stops at the
position shown after he senses
that the ladder is on the verge of
slipping. Determine the
coefficient of static friction
between the friction pad at A and
ground if the inclination of the
ladder is θ = 60˚ and the wall at B
is smooth. The center of gravity
for the man is at G. Neglect the
weight of the ladder.
Free – Body Diagram. Since the
weight of the main tends to cause the
friction pad A to the right, the
frictional force FA must act to the left
as indicated on the free-body diagram
of the ladder, Figure A here, the ladder
is on the verge of slipping. Thus, FA =
μsNA
Equations of Equilibrium
Equations of Equilibrium

 +↑∑Fy= 0;
NA – 180 = 0
NA = 180lb

∑MB = 0;
180(10cos60˚) – μs(180)10sin60˚)
– 180(3) = 0
μs = 0.231
Equations of Equilibrium

 +↑∑Fy= 0;
NA – 180 = 0
NA = 180lb

∑MB = 0;
180(10cos60˚) – μs(180)10sin60˚)
– 180(3) = 0
μs = 0.231