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Unit 2: Nutrients, Digestive System and Excretory System

1. The digestive system breaks down food through mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine. 2. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food using teeth and muscle movement. Chemical digestion uses enzymes to break food into molecules the body can absorb. 3. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs nutrients through fingerlike villi and microvilli before waste is eliminated in the large intestine and rectum.

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136 views27 pages

Unit 2: Nutrients, Digestive System and Excretory System

1. The digestive system breaks down food through mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine. 2. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food using teeth and muscle movement. Chemical digestion uses enzymes to break food into molecules the body can absorb. 3. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs nutrients through fingerlike villi and microvilli before waste is eliminated in the large intestine and rectum.

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48.

2 Digestive
System
Unit 2: Nutrients, Digestive system
and Excretory System
If digestive systems hydrolyze
the same biological materials
(Carbohydrates, Fats, and
Proteins) that make up the bodies
of human’s themselves. 

How, then, are animals able to


digest food without digesting
their own cells and tissues?
Student Objectives

1. List the major organs of the digestive system.


2. Distinguish between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
3. Relate the structure of each digestive organ to its function in mechanical digestion.
4. Identify the source and function of each major digestive enzyme.
5. Summarize the process of absorption in both small and large intestine.
Alimentary Canal
• In most animal species, at least some hydrolysis occurs by
extracellular digestion, the breakdown of food in
compartments that are continuous with the outside of the
animal’s body.
• Alimentary Canal: The complete digestive system from
mouth to rectum
• Gastrointestinal Tract: A long tube that winds throughout
the body to the anus
Stages of Food Processing

•Breaking down food into


molecules that your body can
use:
• Ingestion of food,
• mechanical and chemical
digestion, 
• absorption of nutrients, 
• elimination of waste
Oral Cavity

• Ingestion and the initial


steps of digestion occur
in the mouth, or oral
cavity. 
• Teeth
• Saliva
• Tongue
Teeth
• Mechanical digestion begins as
teeth of various shapes cut,
mash, and grind food, making the
food easier to swallow and
increasing its surface area.
Saliva

• Saliva initiates chemical digestion while


also protecting the oral cavity. 
• The enzyme amylase, found in saliva,
hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into
smaller polysaccharides and the
disaccharide maltose. 
• Mucus in saliva protects the lining of the
mouth from abrasion, lubricates food,
include buffers, and includes
antimicrobial agents.
Tongue

• The tongue aids digestive processes by


evaluating ingested material and then
enabling its further passage.
• The tongue helps shape food into a ball
called a bolus. 
• During swallowing, the tongue provides
further help, pushing the bolus to the
back of the oral cavity and into the
pharynx.
Pharynx and Esophagus

• The pharynx, or throat region, opens to


two passageways: the esophagus and
the trachea (windpipe). 
• The esophagus connects to the
stomach. 
• A flap of cartilage called the epiglottis
covers the glottis—the vocal cords and
the opening between them. 
Peristalsis Waves

• Peristalsis Waves: 
Rings of muscle
contract and relax to
move food through the
digestive system
Stomach: mechanical and
chemical digestion of food

• Sphincter muscles are found at each end


of the stomach 
• The stomach stores food and begins
digestion of proteins. 
• The stomach secretes a digestive fluid
called gastric juice and mixes this
secretion with the food through a churning
action. 
• This mixture of ingested food and
digestive juice is called chyme.
Stomach: Gastric Juice

• Hydrochloric acid (HCl):


• Disrupts extracellular matrix
• Kills bacteria and other pathogens
• Denatures proteins (exposing peptide
bonds)
• Pepsin:
• HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin
• Activated pepsin activated even more
pepsinogen (positive feedback loop)
• Pepsin breaks down proteins into
smaller polypeptides
• Mucus is a viscous, slippery mixture of
glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water.
Stomach: mechanical
digestion

Three layers of muscle:


• Circular layer
• Longitudinal layer
• Diagonal layer
Churn the contents for
about 4 hours.
Liver

• Storing glucose as
glycogen
• Making proteins
• Breaking down toxic
substances
• Secretes bile (breaks fat
globules into small
droplets)
Gallbladder

• Bile is stored and


concentrated in the
gallbladder.
Pancreas
• The Pancreas serves 2 roles:
1. Neutralizes stomach acid
• Produce sodium bicarbonate

2. Produce enzymes that break down


carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids:
1. Amylases (polysaccharides -> maltose
and other disaccharides)
2. Proteases (polypeptides -> smaller
polypeptides)
3. Lipases (fat droplets -> glycerol, fatty
acids, monoglycerides)
Small Intestine
• 6 m long in humans,
the small intestine is the
alimentary canal’s longest
compartment.
• The first 25 cm or so of the
small intestine forms
the duodenum.
• Here chyme mixes with
digestive juices from
the pancreas, liver,
and gallbladder, as well
as from gland cells of the
intestinal wall itself.
• The other parts are
called jejunum and ileum.
Digestion in Small
Intestine

• Enzymes from epithelium


tissue break down food even
more:
• Disaccharides ->
monosaccharides
• Small peptides -> amino acids
• Millions of fingerlike projections (villi) create huge surface area.

Absorption in Small • Cells covering villi have extensions on cell membranes


(microvilli).
Intestine • Blood and lymph nodes absorb amino acids, monosaccharides,
glycerol, and fatty acids.
Large Intestine or
Colon

• Large Intestine absorbs nutrients


produced by bacteria and remainder
of water
• There are 4 major parts in the Large
Intestine:
1. Ascending colon
2. Transverse colon
3. Descending Colon
4. Sigmoid colon
• Appendix: attached to beginning of
ascending colon
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Review Questions

1. Sequence the organs that are involved in each step of digestion.


2. Explain the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion.
3. Describe the processes involved in mechanical digestion.
4. Identify the source and function of each class of digestive enzyme.
5. Explain how the small intestine and large intestine are related to the
function of absorption.

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