Energy

Franziska Palme, Vincent Kalnin and Hamza

Ouerfelli
 Overview
1) Definition :
i- Energy conversion in natural systems
ii- Energy domestication
2) Non-renewable sources of energy:
i- Fossil fuels
ii- Nuclear fission energy
3) Renewable sources of energy :
i- Already used energy (Solar, wind, hydraulic,…)
ii- Future energy : Fusion
4) Summary and Conclusion
 System
Boundary
Fixed boundary

System
Moving boundary

Sourroundings
Energy, Work, Power

Sun Work
Various forms of energy
Kinetic Energy Potential Energy
Stored in an object due to motion Gravitational potential Energy

Chemical potential Energy

Electrical potential Energy

Magnetic potential Energy

Internal Energy

Mechanical energy

Thermal energy

Chemical energy

Nuclear energy
 Energy conversion in natural
systems Universe

Universe

First law of thermodynamics: Universe

• Conservation of Energy E N E R G Y

Potential
Entropy
Second law of thermodynamics:
• Entropy always increases to a
maximum
• Exergy decreaces
Energy conversion in human
systems
Primary Energy Secondary Energy

Crude oil, Coal, Natural Petroleum products;

exploration Gas, Uranium Fuels and Gases transport

mining Waste Transformation Electricity and Heat storage

Solar, Biomass, Wind, Bio Fuels; Hydrogen,

cultivation distribution
Hydro, Geothermal Methanol, Food

Y.Demirel. Energy, Production, Conversion, Storage, Conservation and Coupling. Springer, 2016.
 Energy, Life, Society

The history of energy demonstrates that human societies have not

escaped ist implcable laws. The more complex a society, the more it will
need significant quantities of energy to maintain itself.
Joel de Rosnay
Energy Domestication

More efficient
use of energy
resources
Increased
energy
Survival depletion
State
2) Renewable sources of energy :
Consumption of fossil fuels
Problems associated with fossil
fuels
• Exploration:
• Destruction of vegetation and soil
• Disturbance of ecosystems
• Mining:
• Large amounts of wastewater
• Greenhouse gas emissions https://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/the-weird-way-
• Limited availability cleaning-up-oil-spills-can-actually-harm-animals/

• Transportation:
• Leakage in pipelines
• Pollution
• Transformation:
• Greenhouse gas emissions
• Pollution
• Heavy metal emissions Photo Credit: Stephen Codrington / Wikimedia
 Nuclear fission

http://en.stonkcash.com/diagram-of-how-nuclear-energy-works/
Problems associated with nuclear
energy

• High initial capital costs

• Nuclear radiation accidents
• Radioactive waste
https://www.shz.de/deutschland-welt/panorama/wie-es-30-jahre-nach-dem-super-gau-in
-der-sperrzone-aussieht-id13361956.html
3) Renewable sources of energy
:
Many problems …

Alternatives ?
 Wind power :
Mechanical energy of the air Generator Electricity

Advantages Disadvantages

No pollution No energy when the wind isn't blowing

 limited maintenance It creates noise, and can be harmful to birds and

wildlife.

relatively inexpensive to build  It also requires a lot of land.

 Solar power :
Electromagnetic energy of the Photo effect Electricity
sunrays

Discovered by Albert Einstein in 1905 (+ Nobelprice)

Advantages Disadvantages
Unlimited supply of sunlight  It relies on sunlight, so it doesn't generate electricity at
night or when overcast (storing problems)

No pollution It's more expensive than other sources.

It takes a large geographical footprint to generate a

significant amount of energy.
 Hydropower:
Mechanical energy of the water Generator Electricity

Advantages Disadvantages
It is clean Dams can create environmental concerns (fish)

It is abundant, where there are bodies of water (river,..) it is restricted to where there is water

Relatively cheap
 Bioenergy :
Combustions/other
Chemical energy of the bio-organisms chemical reactions Electricity

Advantages Disadvantages
It is abundant Can result in air pollution

Can be used without interruption  Can be seasonable

Cleaner than fossil fuel It takes a lot of energy to produce

 Geothermal energy :
Direct Heating
Thermal energy of the earth
Generator Electricity

Source:
https://www.first-
utility.com/the-
blog/geothermal-energy

Advantages Disadvantages
 Cost-effective Usually only used to heat

Reliable, sustainable Historically been limited to areas near 

tectonic plate boundaries
Environmentally friendly
What is the energy of the future ?
First law of thermodynamics :
“The internal energy of an isolated system is constant.”
« We don’t produce energy, we transform energy »

What are the sources of our sources ?

Wind power
Solar power
Geothermal energy Source : Sun/Stars
Bioenergy
Hydropower
Where do Stars get their energy
from ?
“Nuclear
fusion”

Due to the quantum tunneling (quantum mechanical phenomenon)

 Nuclear energy
Fission energy Fusion energy
Very heavy unstable atomnucleus (Uranium, Two light atomnuclei (hydrogen, helium,…)
Thorium …)
breaks up to form 2 lighter nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus

It involves a chainreaction It’s not a chainreaction

There is no need of heat, but you need to It needs a high temperature (4 millions degree
bombard the nucleus with a neutron Celsius) and pressure
Uncontrollable / great amount of radioactive waste Controllable / very small amount of radioactive
waste

A large amount of energy is released The released energy is several times greater

!! Einstein : E= m.c^2 c = 3. 10^8 (approximation)

Why don’t we use fusion energy
until today ?

Energy needed > Energy produced

Efficiency < 0

Source: https://physicsworld.com/a/ignition-pending/
4) Summary:

?
 References
Spyros G. Tzafestas. Energy, Information, Feedback, Adaption, and Self-organization The Fundamental Elements of Life and Society. Springer, 2018.
Blok, Kornelis, and Evert Niewlaar. Introduction to Energy Analysis. Routledge, 2017.
Y.Demirel. Energy, Production, Conversion, Storage, Conservation and Coupling. Springer, 2016.
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/page=nonrenewable_home
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=oil_home#tab1
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=natural_gas_home
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=coal_home
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=nuclear_home
https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/polluted-air-may-pollute-our-morality.html
https://economicconfidential.com/2018/07/petroleum-lack-deregulation-toll-business/
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/12/171214144522.htm
https://www.businessinsider.com/sc/public-opinions-about-solar-energy-2017-4?IR=T
https://eu.freep.com/story/money/business/2015/10/10/renewable-energy-sources/73611806/
https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-nuclear-fission-and-nuclear-fusion.html
https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/fission-and-fusion-what-difference
https://www.first-utility.com/the-blog/geothermal-energy
http://geothermaleducation.org/GEOpresentation/sld116.htm