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Traits Parent Offspring: - Genetics - Study of How Are Passed From To

Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes. Chromosomes come in homologous pairs with one gene from each parent. Genes can be dominant or recessive. A Punnett square can be used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. Sex is determined by the sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having an X and a Y chromosome.

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John Dexter Jumalon
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52 views

Traits Parent Offspring: - Genetics - Study of How Are Passed From To

Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes. Chromosomes come in homologous pairs with one gene from each parent. Genes can be dominant or recessive. A Punnett square can be used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. Sex is determined by the sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having an X and a Y chromosome.

Uploaded by

John Dexter Jumalon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENETICS

• Genetics – study of how traits are passed from parent


to offspring
Genetics Notes
Who is Gregor Mendel? “Father of Genetics”

Principle of Independent Assortment – Inheritance of one


trait has no effect on the inheritance of another trait
• Traits are determined by the genes on the
chromosomes. A gene is a segment of DNA that
determines a trait.
• Chromosomes come in homologous pairs, thus genes
come in pairs.
Homologous pairs – matching genes – one from female
parent and one from male parent
• Example: Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.
One set from dad – 23 in sperm
One set from mom – 23 in egg
• One pair of Homologous Chromosomes:

Gene for eye color


(blue eyes)

Homologous pair
of chromosomes

Gene for eye color


(brown eyes)

Alleles – different genes (possibilities) for the same trait –


ex: blue eyes or brown eyes
Dominant and Recessive Genes
• Gene that prevents the other gene from “showing” –
dominant
• Gene that does NOT “show” even though it is present –
recessive
• Symbol – Dominant gene – upper case letter – T
Recessive gene – lower case letter – t

Recessive
Dominant
color
color
Example: Straight thumb is dominant to hitchhiker thumb
T = straight thumb t = hitchhikers thumb

(Always use the same letter for the same alleles—


No S = straight, h = hitchhiker’s)

Straight thumb = TT
Straight thumb = Tt
Hitchhikers thumb = tt * Must have 2 recessive alleles
for a recessive trait to “show”
• Both genes of a pair are the same –
homozygous or purebred
TT – homozygous dominant
tt – homozygous recessive

• One dominant and one recessive gene –


heterozygous or hybrid
Tt – heterozygous

BB – Black
Bb – Black w/ bb – White
white gene
Genotype and Phenotype
• Combination of genes an organism has (actual gene
makeup) – genotype
Ex: TT, Tt, tt
• Physical appearance resulting from gene make-up –
phenotype
Ex: hitchhiker’s thumb or straight thumb
Punnett Square and Probability
• Used to predict the possible gene makeup of offspring –
Punnett Square
• Example: Black fur (B) is dominant to white fur (b) in mice
1. Cross a heterozygous male with a homozygous recessive female.

Black fur (B) White fur (b)


Heterozygous Homozygous
male recessive female

White fur (b) White fur (b)


Male = Bb X Female = bb
Female gametes – N
(One gene in egg)
b b
Possible offspring – 2N
Male gametes - N B Bb Bb
(One gene in
sperm) b bb bb

Write the ratios in the following orders:


Genotypic ratio = 2 Bb : 2 bb Genotypic ratio
50% Bb : 50% bb homozygous : heterozygous : homozygous
Phenotypic ratio = 2 black : 2 white dominant recessive
50% black : 50% white Phenotypic ratio
dominant : recessive
Cross 2 hybrid mice and give the genotypic ratio and
phenotypic ratio.
B b
Bb X Bb
B BB Bb

b Bb bb

Genotypic ratio = 1 BB : 2 Bb : 1 bb
25% BB : 50% Bb : 25% bb

Phenotypic ratio = 3 black : 1 white


75% black : 25% white
Example: A man and woman, both with brown eyes (B)
marry and have a blue eyed (b) child. What are the
genotypes of the man, woman and child?

Bb X Bb
Man = Bb
B b
Woman = Bb
B BB Bb

b Bb bb
Crossing involving 2 traits – Dihybrid crosses
• Example: In rabbits black coat (B) is dominant over brown (b) and
straight hair (H) is dominant to curly (h). Cross 2 hybrid rabbits
and give the phenotypic ratio for the first generation of offspring.

Possible gametes:
BbHh X BbHh
BH BH Gametes BH Bh bH bh
Bh Bh
bH bH BBHH BBHh BbHH BbHh
bh bh BH

Phenotypes - 9:3:3:1 Bh BBHh BBhh BbHh Bbhh


9 black and straight
3 black and curly bH BbHH BbHh bbHH bbHh
3 brown and straight
1 brown and curly bh BbHh Bbhh bbHh bbhh
• Example: In rabbits black coat (B) is dominant over brown (b) and
straight hair (H) is dominant to curly (h). Cross a rabbit that is
homozygous dominant for both traits with a rabbit that is
homozygous dominant for black coat and heterozygous for straight
hair. Then give the phenotypic ratio for the first generation of
offspring.

BBHH X BBHh
Possible gametes: BH BH
Bh

BH Bh Gametes
Phenotypes:
BH BBHH BBHh
100% black and straight
Gametes

(Hint: Only design Punnett squares to suit the number of possible gametes.)
Sex Determination
• People – 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
• 22 pairs are homologous (look alike) – called autosomes –
determine body traits
1 pair is the sex chromosomes – determines sex (male or female)
• Females – sex chromosomes are homologous (look alike) – label XX
Males – sex chromosomes are different – label XY
• What is the probability of a couple having a boy? Or a girl?

Chance of having female baby? 50%


male baby? 50%

X X
X XX XX

Y XY XY

Who determines the sex of the child? father

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