International Business: Opportunities and Challenges in A Flattening World, by Mason Carpenter and Sanjyot P. Dunung
International Business: Opportunities and Challenges in A Flattening World, by Mason Carpenter and Sanjyot P. Dunung
International Business: Opportunities and Challenges in A Flattening World, by Mason Carpenter and Sanjyot P. Dunung
INTRODUCTION
International Business: Opportunities and Challenges in a Flattening World,
By Mason Carpenter and Sanjyot P. Dunung
Learning Objectives
2
In some cases, these foreign offices are carbon copies of the parent firm;
that is, they have all the value creation and support activities, just in a
different country.
Nongovernmental Organizations
National nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) include any
nonprofit, voluntary citizens’ groups that are organized on a local,
national, or international level.
1. Culture. Generally, cultural differences between two countries reduce their economic
exchange.
__Culture refers to a people’s norms, common beliefs, and practices. Cultural distance
refers to differences based in language, norms, national or ethnic identity, levels of trust,
tolerance, respect for entrepreneurship and social networks, or other country-specific
qualities.
2. Administration. administratively similar countries trade much more with each other.
Administrative distance refers to historical governmental ties, such as those between
India and the United Kingdom. This makes sense; they have the same sorts of laws,
regulations, institutions, and policies.
We Live in a Multidomestic World, Not a Flat One!
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(CONT’D)
A Framework for Ethical Decision Making :
While ethical decision making is tricky stuff, particularly
regarding international business issues, it helps if you start
with a specific decision-making framework:
Just do it—but what did you learn? Once you’ve made the
decision, implement it. Then set a date to review your decision and
make adjustments if necessary. Often decisions are made with the
best information on hand at the time, but things change and your
decision making needs to be flexible enough to change too.
What Ethics Is Not
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Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when
they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are
doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is
uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to
everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but
sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
What Ethics Is Not (CONT’D)
35
Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate
many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can
be a function of power alone and designed to serve the interests of narrow
groups.
Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms. Some cultures are
quite ethical, but others become corrupt—or blind to certain ethical
concerns .
Ethics is not science. Social and natural science can provide important
data to help us make better ethical choices. But science alone does not tell
us what we ought to do.
Science may provide an explanation for what humans are like. But ethics
provides reasons for how humans ought to act. And just because something
is scientifically or technologically possible, it may not be ethical to do it.