Transmission of Digital Data: Interface and Modems
Transmission of Digital Data: Interface and Modems
Transmission of Digital Data: Interface and Modems
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Transmission of Digital Data :
Interface and Modems
Background
Digital Data Transmission
– Parallel
– Serial
DTE-DCE Interface
Modems
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Background
Transmission Process
Signal
+
Communication Link
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Digital Data Transmission
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Digital Data Transmission
Data Transmission
Parallel Serial
Synchronous Asynchronous
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Parallel Transmission
Groups of n bits
Send one group at one time
Use n wires to send n bits
Advantage
– Speed
Disadvantage
– Cost (n wires to transmit n bits)
– Limited to short distances
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Parallel Transmission
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Serial Transmission
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Serial Transmission
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Serial Transmission
(Asynchronous)
Asynchronous
– The timing of signal is unimportant
– Information is retrieved and translated upon
pattern
– Patterns : grouping bit streams into bytes
Each group (usually 8) is sent as a unit
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Serial Transmission
(Asynchronous)
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Serial Transmission
(Asynchronous) (cont.)
Method
– To alert the receiver :
An extra bit (start bit -- 0) is added to the beginning of
each byte
One or more extra bits are added to the end of the
byte
– Stop bits -- 1
A gap (idle channel/streams of stop bits) is added at
the end of each byte
Thus, start bit + stop bit + gap alert the receiver
the begin and end of each byte
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Serial Transmission
(Asynchronous) (cont.)
Advantage
– Cheap
– Effective
Example:
– Low speed communication
Terminal computer
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Serial Transmission
(Synchronous)
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Serial Transmission
(Synchronous)
Synchronous Transmission
– Bit streams is combined into longer “frame”
– A frame may consist of multiple bytes
– No gap between each byte is added into a transmission
link
– The receiver has to separate the bit stream into bytes for
decoding purpose
– Timing is important in synchronous transmission
– Byte synchronization is performed at the data link layer
Advantage
– Speed
useful for high speed applications
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DTE-DCE Interface
network
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DTE-DCE Interface
Sending End
The DTE
– generates the data and passes them to a DCE
The DCE
– converts the signal to a format appropriate to a
transmission medium
– Sends it onto the network
Receiving End
– This process is reversed
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DTE
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DCE
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DTE-DCE Interface Standards
network
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EIA-232
Mechanical Specification
– Interface
25-wire cable
Electrical Specification
– Defines the voltage levels and the type of signal
to be transmitted between DTE & DCE
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EIA-232
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EIA-232
Timing
Grounding
Testing
etc.
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EIA-232
A function is considered ON if it
Control and Timing transmits a voltage of at least +3 and
OFF if it transmits a voltage with a
value < -3 volts
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EIA-232
Functional Specification
– DB-25
– DB-9
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EIA-232 : DB-25 (male)
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EIA-232 : DB-25
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EIA-232 : DB-25 (Control Pins)
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EIA-232 : DB-25 (Timing Pins)
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EIA-232 : DB-25 (Other Pins)
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EIA-232 : DB-9
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Syn
chr EIA-232 Functioning Example
ono
us
Full-
Dupl
ex
Tran
smis
sion
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EIA-232 Functioning Example
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Null Modem
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Null Modem
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Crossing Connections
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Other Interface Standards
IEA-449
– DB-37/DB-9
RS-423/422
EIA-530
Etc.
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Modems
Modulator/demodulator
Modulator
– Converts a digital signal into an analog signal
using ASK, FSK, PSK or QAM
Demodulator
– Converts an analog signal into a digital signal
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Modems
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