AN

OVERVIEW
OF HUMAN
DEVELOPME
NT
Joan R. Doctor, LPT
Manuel L. Quezon Senior High School
Essential Question:
What are the changes that
happen as you grow?
 • Progressive series of changes that occur in a
predictable pattern as the result if interactions
between biological and environmental factors.
• Developing through the many changes that
WHAT IS occur. These changes are a result of many
factors.
DEVELOPMENT?
• Psychology is a scientific study of human
development that attempts to understand how
humans grow in different aspects: physical,
mental, social, emotional, behavioral, and
spiritual.
Stages of
Human
Development
 • He believed that early experiences are very
important in human development.
• Significantly, he considered instincts as the main
source of life energy that finds its way in the
Sigmund different parts of the body called energous zones or
pleasure areas which are sensitive to stimulations.
Freud’s • Has 5 distinct stages. Each stage is characterized by
Psychosexual certain ways of connecting with the world through

Theory
particular areas of the body.
• Satisfaction of each area or zone is important to
develop a healthy personality. If needs are not met
or satisfied excessively, fixation occurs which is
characterized by attachment to a particular object
or activity that may affect development.
 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development
Stage Approximate period Focus Trait Outcomes
Oral First year of life Oral pleasure through Fixation can lead to
mouth: eating, overeating, smoking,
sucking, mouthing, drinking, nail-biting,
chewing, and biting gossiping, and cursing

Anal Second to fourth year Anal pleasure to Fixation can lead to

release tension being obsessive with
through the anus: cleanliness or hating
eliminating and mess (anal retentive).
retaining feces, and The child may
toilet training eventually become a
perfectionist or
obsessive-
compulsive.
 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development
Stage Approximate period Focus Trait Outcomes
Anal Second to fourth year Anal pleasure to Another possibility is
release tension to become too
through the anus: generous in
eliminating and adulthood that the
retaining feces, and person would want to
toilet training share or give things
away (anal expulsive).
Moreover, the child
may become messy
or disorganized.
 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development
Stage Approximate period Focus Trait Outcomes
Phallic Fourth to sixth year Pleasure through The child starts to
genitals recognize what it
means to be a boy or
a girl with their
physical differences.
Conflicts arise due to
greater emotional
attachment to one
parent over another.
Attachment of boy to
his mom (Oedipus
Complex), and girl to
her dad (Elektra
complex)
 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development
Stage Approximate period Focus Trait Outcomes
Latency Seventh year onward Resolving fixations or The child develops
conflicts in previous closeness with
stages; developing parents if conflicts
academic and social are resolved, and
skills, physical build social ties.
abilities, and talents Sexual urges are
inhibited.

Genital Twelfth year Sex role or identity Called puberty stage,

formation this is the period of
adolescence. Sexual
interest is awakened.
 • He expanded Freud’s theory that recognizes the
importance of early experiences in childhood.
Erik • However, he shifted his focus from Freud’s
biological perspective to psychosocial which takes
Erikson’s into account the role of social factors to influence
development.
Psychosocial • For Erikson, socialization process is important.
Moreover, he extended the stages of development
Theory
throughout the life span. Each stage is
characterized by psychosocial conflict or crisis that
an individual needs to overcome to successfully
move to the next stage.
 8 Psychosocial Stages of Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions Outcomes
Stage 1: Birth to 1 - Will I get support- Provision of basic - Becomes hopeful
Year for what I need? needs; support or optimistic
- Can I trust the - Deprivation, lack - Becomes fearful
Trust vs. Mistrust world? of support,
inconsistency
Stage 2: 2 to 3 years - Can I already do - Support; patience - Develop self-
things on my own? - Lack of confidence; sense
Autonomy vs. Shame - Should I depend confidence / of security
and Doubt on others? support; - Feels inadequate;
overprotection becomes
dependent
 8 Psychosocial Stages of Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions Outcomes
Stage 3 to 5 years: - Can I be - Opportunity; - Develops sense of
independent? encouragement purpose
Initiative vs. Guilt - Am I good? Am I - Lack of - Feels guilty
bad? opportunity;
negative feelings
Stage 4: 6 to 11 years - Do I have the skills - Good education/ - Becomes
to adjust? training; good industrious;
Industry vs. Inferiority - Am I already models develops self-
competent? - Lack of training/ confidence
- Am I worth or not? direction/ support - Develops sense of
inferiority
 8 Psychosocial Stages of Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions Outcomes
Stage 5: 12-18 years - Who am I? - Clear sex models; - Develops identity
(Adolescence) - What are my good sense of - Identity crisis; role
beliefs? Values? stability; positive confusion
Identity vs. Identity Feelings? feedback
Diffusion - Confusing
purpose; vague
expectations;
unclear feedback

Stage 6: 19-40 (Early - Should I get into a - Understanding - Is able to love and
Adulthood) relationship? trust, acceptance commit
- Or should I stay - Loneliness, - Loneliness;
Intimacy VS. Isolation single? exclusion depression
 8 Psychosocial Stages of Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions Outcomes
Stage 7: 40-65 years - What is my - Productivity; - Feels productive
(Middle adulthiid) contribution in this purposefulness - Feeling
world? - Lack of unproductive;
Generativity VS. - Will I produce opportunity; stagnant
Stagnation something enrichment
valuable or
relevant?

Stage 8: 65 years up - Have I lived a full - Sense of closure; - Feels complete;

(late adulthood) life? clear attainment of has sense of
- Am I contented direction achievement
Ego Integrity VS. with what I have - Lack of - Feels dissatisfied
Despair achieved in life? completeness; with life; in despair
dissatisfaction
 • He considers the active role of an individual as an
important factor in human development.
• He believes that an individual grows through a
Jean Piaget’s dynamic process in which the body’s internal
system interacts with the environment. One needs

Cognitive
to strike a balance, a state he called equilibrium.
• His theory of cognitive development tries to
Development
explain how a child understands the world: how
he/she thinks, reasons out, remembers, and solves
problems.
• He considers education as a key element in
developing one’s cognitive skills.
 Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions
Sensorimotor Stage From birth to 2 years - The child learns through sensory
experiences
- Knowledge is based on the senses,
and the child responds to people
and things through reflex
movements like sucking or grasping.
- Object permanence: An important
understanding that should be
attained is that an object continues
to exist even if it is no longer seen.
- The child should begin to form
mental images toward the latter
part of this stage.
 Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions
Pre-operational Stage From 2 to 7 years - The child’s way of thinking is toward
himself / herself (egocentric). It’s all
about him/herself. The child thinks
that other people are just like
him/her in the way they think or
feel.
- The child continues to develop using
mental images and begins to use
symbols to represent what he/she
knows (symbolic thought)
significantly through language.
However, perceptions are limited
and understanding is based on
concrete objects.
 Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions
Pre-operational Stage From 2 to 7 years - The child may find difficulty
understanding that actions or
thinking can be reversed (e.g
reversing mental operations “1 + 2”
can be “2 + 1”
- The child is unable to focus on
several aspects of a problem or
understand a cause-and-effect
relationships.
- The child is limited in understanding
or appreciating another’s point of
view. (e.g a boy will insist to buy her
sister a car for her birthday because
he thinks she will also have fun
playing with it as much as he does.)
 Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions
Pre-operational Stage From 2 to 7 years - The child tends to attribute human
characteristics to inanimate objects
(e.g it rains because the sky is
crying; a child will put her doll to
sleep.)
 Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions
Concrete-operational 8 to 11 years - The child begins to be more logical
Stage and able to perform simple
operations (e.g basic math
computations), begin to understand
classification (e.g living things and
non-living things), and can
understand reversibility (e.g
commutative property of addition).
- The child is less egocentric and more
other-centered.
 Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions
Formal operational Stage Starts to emerge between 11 to 15 - At this point, he/she is no longer just
years dependent on concrete perceptual
experiences in the present. In dealing
with past situations, the past or the
future can be a reference to know what
to do.
- He/she is able to analyze problems, and
consider different ways of solving in a
systematic way.
- Significantly, he/she can deal with
abstract or hypothetical situations and
generate ideas about it through logical
thinking. (e.g the adolescent is now
able to imagine how the Philippines will
turn out if it was not conquered by
Spaniards). Moreover, he/she can
elaborate ideas.
 • He studied how children understand what is right
Lawrence and wrong, and how they develop a sense of
morality.
Kohlberg’s • Morality is the “ability to distinguish right from
wrong and behave accordingly.” (Weiten, 2014)
Moral • He recognized the role of cognitive ability in
developing moral reasoning of children.
Development • He believed that there are three levels of morality
with two stages in each level.
 Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions

Pre-conventional Level Stage 1: “Punishment/ Deciding what is right or wrong is

Obedience Orientation” based on what action is punished. The
There is recognition of child obeys to avoid punishment.
authority who gives
punishment or reward

Stage 2: Mutual Benefit Deciding what is right or wrong is

“Reward Orientation” based on what is rewarded.
 Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions

Conventional Level Stage 3: Social approval “Good Deciding what is right or wrong is
Boy-Good Girl Orientation” based on what others approve or
There is understanding disapprove of.
that there are rules to
follow to be accepted
and to maintain order.

Stage 4: Law and Order Deciding what is right or wrong is

“Authority Orientation” based on the rules that should be
followed.
 Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Issues Social Conditions

Post-Conventional Level Stage 5: “Social Contract Deciding what is right or wrong is

Orientation” based on laws; however, one
There is flexibility in recognizes that they can change. An
accepting rules. An individual acts based on what will be
individual may not good for majority.

Stage 4: Law and Order Deciding what is right or wrong is

“Authority Orientation” based on universal principles. One
looks into one’s conscience, pursues
justice and equality at all cost.