Transport and Application Layer: DFC20143 Introduction To Networks

CHAPTER 4
TRANSPORT AND
APPLICATION LAYER
DFC20143
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKS
Chapter 4.2 - Sections & Objectives
 4.2 Application Layer Protocols
• Explain the operation of the application layer in providing support to end-user applications.
• Explain how the functions of the application layer, session layer, and presentation layer work together
to provide network services to end user applications
• Explain how common application layer protocols interact with end user applications.
 Well-Known Application Protocols and Services
• Explain how well-known TCP/IP application layer protocols operate.
• Explain how web and email protocols operate.
• Explain how DNS and DHCP operate.
• Explain how file transfer protocols operate.
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
4.2 Application Layer
Protocols
Application, Presentation, and Session
Application Layer
 Application Layer:
• Closest to the end user.
• Used to exchange data between
programs running on the source and
destination hosts.
Presentation and Session Layer
 Presentation Layer function:
• Formatting data at the source device
into a compatible form for the
receiving device.
• Compressing data.
• Encrypting data.
 Session Layer Function
• Create and maintain dialogs between
source and destination applications.
TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols • Post Office Protocol (POP) TCP 110 -
Enables clients to retrieve email from a mail
server.
• Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
TCP 143 - Enables clients to retrieve email
from a mail server, maintains email on server.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) TCP 20 and 21 -
Reliable, connection-oriented, and
acknowledged file delivery protocol.
• Domain Name Server (DNS) TCP,UDP 53 - Translates
domain names, such as cisco.com, into IP addresses. • Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) UDP 69 –
• (BOOTP) – Bootstrap Protocol - BOOTP is being simple connectionless file transfer protocol.
superseded by DHCP. • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) TCP 80,
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) UDP client 8080 - Set of rules for exchanging text,
68, server 67 – Dynamically assigns IP addresses to graphic images, etc. on the World Wide Web.
client stations at start-up.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
• Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) TCP 25 - Enables
TCP, UDP 443 – Uses encryption and
clients to send email to a mail server.
authentication to secure
© 2016 Cisco and/or communication.
its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6
How Application Protocols Interact with End-User Applications
Client-Server Model
 Client and server processes are
considered to be in the application
layer.
 Application layer protocols
describe the format of the
requests and responses between
clients and servers.
 Example of a client-server
network is using an ISP’s email
service to send, receive and store
email.
Peer-to-Peer Networks
 Data is accessed from a peer
device without the use of a
dedicated server.
 Each device (known as a peer)
can function as both a server and
a client.
Peer-to-Peer Applications
 A P2P application allows a device
to act as both a client and a
server within the same
communication.
 P2P applications require that each
end device provide a user
interface and run a background
service.
Common P2P Applications
 Common P2P networks include:
• G2
• Bitcoin
• BitTorrent
• eDonkey
 Some P2P applications are based on
the Gnutella protocol, where each
user shares whole files with other
users.
 Many P2P applications allow users to
share pieces of many files with each
other at the same time –this is
BitTorrent technology.
Researching Peer-to-Peer File Sharing
4.2.2 Explain how web and
email protocols operate
Web and Email Protocols
Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Hypertext Markup Language
 When a web address or uniform resource
locator (URL) is typed into a web
browser, the web browser establishes a
connection to the web service running on
the server, using the HTTP protocol.
HTTP and HTTPS
 HTTP is a request/response protocol.
 Three common HTTP message types

are:
• GET - A client request for data.
• POST - Uploads data files to the web
server.
• PUT - Uploads resources or content to the
web server.
 HTTP Secure (HTTPS) protocol uses
encryption and authentication to secure
data.
Email Protocols
 Email clients communicate with mail
servers to send and receive email.
 Mail servers communicate with other
mail servers to transport messages
from one domain to another.
 Three protocols for email:
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) to
send email.
• Post Office Protocol (POP) to retrieve
email.
• Internet Message Access Protocol
(IMAP) to retrieve email.
SMTP Operation
 SMTP is used to send email
POP Operation
 POP is used to retrieve
email from a mail server.
 Email is downloaded from
the server to the client and
then deleted on the server.
IMAP Operation
 IMAP is used to retrieve
mail from a mail server.
 Copies of messages are
downloaded from the server
to the client and the original
messages are stored on the
server.
Packet Tracer – Web and Email
4.2.3 Explain how DNS and
DHCP operate
IP Addressing Services
Domain Name Service
 Domain names convert the
numeric address into a
simple, recognizable name.
 The DNS protocol defines
an automated service that
matches resource names
with the required numeric
network address.
DNS Message Format
 When a client makes a query, the
server’s DNS process first looks at its
own records to resolve the name.
 If unable to resolve, it contacts other
servers to resolve the name.
 The server temporarily stores the
numbered address in the event that
the same name is requested again.
 The ipconfig /displaydns command
displays all of the cached DNS
entries on a Windows PC.
DNS Hierarchy
The nslookup Command
 Nslookup - a utility that allows a user
to manually query the name servers
to resolve a given host.
• Can also be used to troubleshoot name
resolution issues and to verify the
current status of the name servers.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
 The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) for IPv4 automates the
assignment of IPv4 addresses, subnet
masks, gateways, and other parameters.
 DHCP-distributed addresses are leased
for a set period of time, then returned to
pool for reuse.
 DHCP is usually employed for end user
devices. Static addressing is used for
network devices, such as gateways,
switches, servers, and printers.
 DHCPv6 (DHCP for IPv6) provides similar
services for IPv6 clients.
DHCP Operation
Packet Tracer – DHCP and DNS Servers
Lab – Observing DNS Resolution
File Sharing Services
File Transfer Protocol
 FTP requires two connections between
the client and the server, one for
commands and replies, the other for the
actual file transfer:
• The client establishes the first connection to
the server for control traffic using TCP port
21.
• The client establishes the second connection
to the server for the actual data transfer
using TCP port 20.
Server Message Block
 The Server Message Block (SMB) is
a client/server file sharing protocol:
• SMB file-sharing and print services
have become the mainstay of Microsoft
networking.
• Clients establish a long-term connection
to servers and can access the
resources on the server as if the
resource is local to the client host.
Packet Tracer - FTP
Lab – Exploring FTP
Summary
Conclusion
Packet Tracer - Explore a Network
Conclusion
Packet Tracer - Multiuser - Tutorial
Conclusion
Packet Tracer Multiuser - Implement Services
Conclusion
Chapter 4: Application Layer
 Explain the operation of the application layer in providing support to end-

user applications.
 Explain how well-known TCP/IP application layer protocols operate.

Transport and Application Layer: DFC20143 Introduction To Networks

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transport and Application Layer: DFC20143 Introduction To Networks

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transport and Application Layer: DFC20143 Introduction To Networks

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 4

 Three common HTTP message types

 Explain the operation of the application layer in providing support to end-

You might also like