L09-1 - Quadrilateral Elements

Quadrilateral Elements
Last Class Review
Introduction of 2D planar elements:  x3 

3  y3 
f 3 x ,u3
• Nodal displacements in x-y plane f 3 y , v3
• Z-direction behaviour modelled

through planar assumptions
- Plane stress x 
 x2 
 
y
2  2
1
- Plane strain  
y  1 f 2 x ,u 2 f , v
2y 2
f1x ,u1 1
• CST elements f ,v 1y 1
- Linear functions of displacement

- Strain vector     x  x  xy T constant across element
•  B  (strain-displacement matrix) constant across element
Last Class Review
Linear strain triangles 3

f 3 x ,u3
• Mid-span nodes allow for f 5 y , v5
f 3 y , v3
quadratic functions of f 6 y , v6
displacement with position 6
5
f 5 x ,u5
f 6 x ,u6
• Strain is therefore is a linear
function with position 2
4 f 2 x ,u2
1 f 4 x ,u4
f1x ,u1 f 2 y , v2
f1 y , v1
f 4 y , v4
The use of LST elements over CST elements will result in a more
accurate prediction of strain fields, particularly in areas of high
strain gradient.
2D Planar Quads
Planar quad element is an extension triangular elements.

• Constant thickness (t) in the z-direction
3
• Geometry and displacement f 3 x ,u3
only in the x-y plane f 4 y , v4 f 3 y , v3
• 2 DoF per node 4

f 4 x ,u4
- 8 DoF for each element
2
f 2 x ,u2
1 f 2 y , v2
f1x ,u1
f1 y , v1
Local coordinate systems
As with triangular elements, the planar quad requires two local

coordinates.   1   1
 1 4 3
y 3
  1 
4   1

2
1  1 1   1 2
  1 x
Element in Global Coordinates Element in Local Coordinates
Local coordinate systems
Shape functions may again be produced by taking the boundary

conditions and developing functions to satisfy.
 1
1
3
N1  1   1   
  1  4
1
4  N 2  1   1   
4
1
N 3  1   1   
2 4
1
  1 1  1 N 4  1   1   
4
This provides displacement and position functions of:
 N    N1 N 2 N 3 N 4  u   N u  v   N  v  x   N  x y   N  y
Development of stiffness matrix
As with previous elements, we can use the basic element status

and the finite element principles to determine the stiffness matrix.
DETAILS IN NOTES
Summary of Equations
 u 
 
  x   x   x 
   v   
     y         y 
   y   
 xy   u v   xy 

 y x 
Development of stiffness matrix
Summary of Equations
  N  
 
N    N 1 N2 N3 N4   B    J    N  
1   
 
  
1   1    1     1     1    
 x1   y1  B    J  1
4  1     1    1    1    
x  y 
x   N  2  y   N  2 
   
 x3   y3   B    B
11 B12 B13 B14 

 x4   y4   B21 B22 B23 B24 
 B11 0 B12 0 B13 0 B14 0 

 B   0 B21 0 B22 0 B23 0 B24 

 x y    N   N    B21
 B11 B22 B12 B23 B13 B24 B14 
 x  y 
      
 J    x 
y    N 

 N    km   t  wi det J i   BT  D B i
nip
  x  y 
        i 1
Gaussian Integration Scheme
The question now becomes “How many integration points should I

use?” 
4 3
With a first order quadrilateral element
(i.e. no mid-span nodes), only linear  1 1  1 1
 ,   , 
functions of displacement can exist.  3 3  3 3

Within Gaussian quadrature, only  1

1
, 
 1 1
 , 
four nodes are require to fully
3 3
  3 3
approximate this linear function in 2D.

1 2
Fully Integrated
Gaussian Integration Scheme
Find  B  at the four integration points, 4


3
and evaluate the sum to find the
element stiffness matrix:  1 1  1 1
 ,   , 
 km   t  wi det J i   B T  D B i
nip  3 3  3 3
i 1

Increasing the number of integration
 1 1  1 1
 ,   , 
3 3
  3 3
points for the same order element will

result in no change to  km  . 1 2
What about fewer integration points? Fully Integrated

Constant Stress Triangles
Example Problem
Both beams are constructed from steel

E = 200 GPa
2 kN/m ymax  20 mm
I1  4 10 4 mm 2 I 2  1.25P 105 mm 2
125 mm 225 mm
ymax  15 mm
Determine the nodal deflection (vertical and rotation),
reaction forces, strains and stresses using Euler-Bernoulli
beam elements.

L09-1 - Quadrilateral Elements

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

L09-1 - Quadrilateral Elements

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

L09-1 - Quadrilateral Elements

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Quadrilateral Elements

Last Class Review

Introduction of 2D planar elements:  x3 

• Z-direction behaviour modelled

- Linear functions of displacement

Linear strain triangles 3

Planar quad element is an extension triangular elements.

only in the x-y plane f 4 y , v4 f 3 y , v3

• 2 DoF per node 4

As with triangular elements, the planar quad requires two local

Shape functions may again be produced by taking the boundary

As with previous elements, we can use the basic element status

 B11 0 B12 0 B13 0 B14 0 

The question now becomes “How many integration points should I

approximate this linear function in 2D.

Find  B  at the four integration points, 4

points for the same order element will

What about fewer integration points? Fully Integrated

Both beams are constructed from steel

You might also like