ILLUMINATION PPT (Autosaved)

Illumination
Introduction
Sensitivity of Human Eye
 As we know natural light consists of seven colors having different
wavelengths.Visible light can have wavelength between 4000 0A and 7500 0A
 The average human eye is most sensitive to a wave length of 5500 0A.
 The relative sensitivity of eye for a particular wave length is the visual effect
produced by the light on the average human eye as compared with the effect of
light having wave length 5500 0A on human eye.
 The relative sensitivity at any particular wavelength is known as Relative luminosity Factor.
Glare
In the human eye, the opening of pupil is controlled by its iris which depends
upon the intensity of light received by the eye. If the eye is exposed to a very
bright source of light, the pupil of the eye contracts automatically in order to
reduce the amount of light admitted and prevent damage to the retina. This effect
is called glare.
Glare is defined as the brightness within the field of vision of such a character
so as to cause discomfort and interference in vision.
(Total lumens given out by the source
one candela is 4ᴨ lumens)
Photometry
Principle of Photometry
Photometer Heads
Electrical method of producing
Following are Light
the methods of producing light :
1. By passing a current through a filament
2. By developing arc between two electrodes
3. By electric discharge through vapors or gases
Filament or Incandescent Lamp
Working Principle :
 As we know when a room heater is switched On, it gives out red light with heat at the working
temperature of 750 oC and at this temperature the radiations are mostly in infra red regions.
This working principle is used to develop the filament lamp.
 When an electric current is passed through a fine metallic wire , it raises the temperature of wire. At
lowtemperature only heat is produced but at higher temperature light radiations goes on
increasing. As filament lamp consists of fine wire of high resistive material placed in an
evacuated
glass bulb. This type of lamps are operated at the temperature of 2500 oC .
 A tungsten filament is enclosed in evacuated glass bulb but to improve its performance some
chemical like argon or nitrogen gas are filled.
Incandescent Lamp
Properties of Metal for Filament
1. High melting point : so that it can be operated at high temperature.

2. High specific resistance : so that it produces more heat.
3. Low temperature coefficient : so that filament resistance may not
change at operating temperature.
4. Low vapor pressure ; so that it may not vaporize
5. High ductile : so that it may withstand mechanical vibrations
Arc
Lamp• The principle of an arc lamp is that when two electrodes carrying current are separated through a small
distance, an arc is struck between them. The arc lamps were used in the past for street lighting
purposes
but now a day these are used when extreme brightness is required.
• Most commonly use arc lamp is
1. Carbon Arc Lamp
2. Flame Arc Lamp
3. Magnetic Arc Lamp
Carbon Arc Lamp
• These particles travel from +ve electrode to –ve electrode, thus after sometime of operation +ve
electrode become hollow and –ve become pointed. That’s why +ve electrode is made double than –ve
electrode.
• In carbon arc lamp 85 % of light is given by +ve electrode which produces high intensity light and
only 10 % by –ve electrode and 5 % by air. The temperature of +ve electrode is 4000 oC and
that of –ve electrode is about 2500 oC. The luminous efficiency of such lamps is about 9
lumen/watt.
• For maintaining the arc, a minimum voltage required is given by : V = (39 + 28 L ), where
Lis length of arc in centimeter.
Electric Discharge Lamps
Fluorescent Tube
It is a low pressure mercury vapor lamp. It consists of a glass tube 25 mm in
diameter and 0.6 m, 1.2 m and 1.5 m in length. The tube contains argon gas at
low pressure about 2.5 mm of mercury. At the two ends, two electrodes coated
with some electron emissive material are placed.
The colors produce by this tubes are

as :
Material Color
Zinc silicate
Calcium tungsten Green
Cadmium borate Blue
Calcium Holo Pink
phosphate Magnesium White or day
Achoke is connected in series with the tube which act as a blast and provide a high voltage at starting
glow in the tube. During running condition the same choke absorbs some supply voltage and remain a
voltage of 110 V across the tube. Acapacitor is connected to improve the power factor.
Advantages of Fluorescent Tube
1. Voltage fluctuation has very small effect on light output.
2. The luminous efficiency is more as length of rod is more.
3. It gives light close to natural light.
4. Heat radiations are negligible.
Disadvantages of Fluorescent Tube

1. Its brightness is less.
2. Initial cost is more
3. Overall maintenance cost is high.
Lighting Schemes
Lighting schemes are classified according to the
location, requirement and purpose etc. are as under :
3.
4.
5.
It is mainly used for interior decoration.

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What are the different types of light sources discussed?

What factors determine the suitability of a metal for use as a filament in an incandescent lamp?

Illumination

1. High melting point : so that it can be operated at high temperature.

The colors produce by this tubes are

Disadvantages of Fluorescent Tube

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