Network Layer: Introduction To Networks
Network Layer: Introduction To Networks
Network Layer: Introduction To Networks
Network Layer
Introduction to Networks
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Chapter 6: Objectives
In this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain how network layer protocols and services support
communications across data networks.
Explain how routers enable end-to-end connectivity in a small-to-
medium-sized business network.
Determine the appropriate device to route traffic in a small-to-
medium-sized business network.
Configure a router with basic configurations.
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Chapter 6
6.1 Network Layer Protocols
6.2 Routing
6.3 Routers
6.4 Configuring a Cisco Router
6.5 Summary
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6.1 Network Layer Protocols
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Network Layer in Communication
The Network Layer
The network layer, or OSI Layer 3, provides services to allow end devices to
exchange data across the network. To accomplish this end-to-end transport,
the network layer uses four basic processes:
Addressing end devices
Encapsulation
Routing
De-encapsulating
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Network Layer in Communication
Network Layer Protocols
Common network layer protocols include:
IP version 4 (IPv4)
IP version 6 (IPv6)
Legacy network layer protocols include:
Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
AppleTalk
Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)
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IP Characteristics
IP Components
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Characteristics of the IP protocol
IP - Connectionless
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Characteristics of the IP protocol
Best Effort Delivery
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Characteristics of the IP protocol
IP – Media Independent
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IPv4 Packet
Encapsulating IP
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IPv4 Packet
IPv4 Packet Header
Contents of the IPv4 packet header
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Network Layer in Communication
Limitations of IPv4
IP Address depletion
Internet routing table expansion:
Number of servers and routers connected the internet increase, causing a
large routing table consuming a great deal of memory and resources.
Lack of end-to-end connectivity:
Due to the use of NAT technology which will hide the internal host. This
will cause a problem to end-to-end connectivity technology and
applications.
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Network Layer in Communication
Introducing IPv6
Increased address space
Improved packet handling
Eliminates the need for NAT
Integrated security
4 billion IPv4 addresses
4,000,000,000
340 undecillion IPv6 addresses
340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
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IPv6 Packet
Encapsulating IPv6
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IPv6 Packet
IPv6 Packet Header
Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4
Next
Payload Length Hop Limit
Header
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
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6.2 Routing
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Host Routing Tables
Host Packet Forwarding Decision
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Host Routing Tables
Default Gateway
Hosts must maintain their own, local, routing table to ensure that
network layer packets are directed to the correct destination network.
The local table of the host typically contains:
Direct connection
Local network route
R
Local default route
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Host Routing Tables
IPv4 Host Routing Table
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Router Routing Tables
Router Packet Forwarding Decision
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Router Routing Tables
IPv4 Router Routing Table
192.168.10.0/24 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1 209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1
192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24
R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
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Router Routing Tables
Directly Connected Routing Table Entries
192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24
A B C
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
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Router Routing Tables
Remote Network Routing Table Entries
192.168.10.0/24 64.100.0.1 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1 209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.1 .1
.10 .10
PC2 G0/1
192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24
192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24
R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
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6.3 Routers
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Anatomy of a Router
Router Memory
Volatile /
Memory Stores
Non-Volatile
• Running IOS
• Running configuration file
RAM Volatile
• IP routing and ARP tables
• Packet buffer
• Bootup instructions
ROM Non-Volatile • Basic diagnostic software
• Limited IOS
• IOS
Flash Non-Volatile
• Other system files
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Anatomy of a Router
Connecting to a Router
Console
RJ45
Console
USB Type B
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Anatomy of a Router
LAN and WAN Interfaces
Serial Interfaces
LAN Interfaces
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Router Boot-up
Cisco IOS
The Cisco IOS operational details vary on different internetworking devices,
depending on the device’s purpose and feature set. However, Cisco IOS for
routers provides the following:
Addressing
Interfaces
Routing
Security
QoS
Resources Management
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Router Boot-up
Bootset Files
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Introduction to Routing
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What is Circuit Switching?
One of the switching technologies used to send messages
from one point to another using a dedicated point-to-point link
throughout the session.
They are mainly used in PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
Network) where the caller and receiver exchange information
on a dedicated channel using an end-to-end link.
This is a connection oriented channel which is established
between the sender and the receiver using a dedicated
signaling protocol. When either of them disconnects the call,
the circuit breaks thereby terminating the session
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What is Packet Switching?
Packet switching makes the most out of the network
bandwidth by breaking the message into small units called
data packets which seek the most efficient routing path to
reach its destination.
Each data packet is assigned a header containing signaling
information including the sender and receiver address, and
then transmitted individually through the network.
Each data packet may take a different route as addressed by
its associated header.
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What is Packet Switching?
The data is processed at all intermediate nodes located at
various points before reaching its destination where all the
packets are reassembled and recompiled into the original
message.
It’s a more robust and efficient method to transmit data that
can withstand some delays during the session. It’s mainly
used for data and voice communication.
Known as Datagram networks
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Environment of the network layer protocols
ISP’s equipment
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Store-and-Forward Packet Switching
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Services Provided to the Transport Layer
1. The services should be independent of the router
technology.
2. The transport layer should be shielded from the number,
type, and topology of the routers present.
3. The network addresses made available to the transport
layer should use a uniform numbering plan, even across
LANs and WANs.
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Service Types
connectionless service packets are injected into the
subnet individually and routed independently of each other.
No advance setup is needed. In this context, the packets are
frequently called datagrams, and the subnet is called a
datagram subnet.
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Connectionless Service – Datagrams
Packet is forwarded using destination address inside it
Different packets may take different paths
ISP’s equipment
A’s table (initially) A’s table (later) C’s Table E’s Table
Dest. Line
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Connection-Oriented – Virtual Circuits
Packet is forwarded along a virtual circuit using tag inside it
Virtual circuit (VC) is set up ahead of time
ISP’s equipment
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Comparison of Virtual-Circuits & Datagrams
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Routing Algorithms
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Routing Algorithms
• The main function of the network layer is routing packets
from the source machine to the destination machine.
• The routing algorithm is that part of the network layer
software responsible for deciding which output line an
incoming packet should be transmitted on.
• If the subnet uses datagrams internally, routing decision
must be made anew for every arriving data packet since
the best route may have changed since last time.
• If the subnet uses virtual circuits internally, routing
decisions are made only when a new virtual circuit is
being set up. Thereafter, data packets just follow the
previously-established route.
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Routing Algorithms Categories:
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Properties of desirable routing algorithms
• Correctness: should get packets eventually to the correct destination
• Simplicity: this usually implies faster
• Robustness: should be able to handle new routers coming online, as
well as, handle other going off or malfunctioning
• Stability: under constant conditions should converge to some balane
level .
• Fairness and Optimality: these are hard to satisfy at the same time.
For example, in the situation below it might occur that to optimize flow we
would not allow traffic between X and X´, a situation which is not fair.
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Dynamic Routing Principles:
Optimality principle »
Shortest path algorithm »
Flooding »
Distance vector routing »
Link state routing »
Hierarchical routing »
Broadcast routing »
Multicast routing »
Anycast routing »
Routing for mobile hosts »
Routing in ad hoc networks »
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Network Layer
Summary
In this chapter, you learned:
The network layer, or OSI Layer 3, provides services to allow end devices
to exchange data across the network.
The network layer uses four basic processes: IP addressing for end
devices, encapsulation, routing, and de-encapsulation.
The Internet is largely based on IPv4, which is still the most widely-used
network layer protocol.
An IPv4 packet contains the IP header and the payload.
The IPv6 simplified header offers several advantages over IPv4, including
better routing efficiency, simplified extension headers, and capability for
per-flow processing.
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Network Layer
Summary (cont.)
In addition to hierarchical addressing, the network layer is also
responsible for routing.
Hosts require a local routing table to ensure that packets are directed to
the correct destination network.
The local default route is the route to the default gateway.
The default gateway is the IP address of a router interface connected to
the local network.
When a router, such as the default gateway, receives a packet, it
examines the destination IP address to determine the destination
network.
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Network Layer
Summary (cont.)
The routing table of a router stores information about directly-connected
routes and remote routes to IP networks. If the router has an entry in its
routing table for the destination network, the router forwards the packet. If
no routing entry exists, the router may forward the packet to its own
default route, if one is configured or it will drop the packet.
Routing table entries can be configured manually on each router to
provide static routing or the routers may communicate route information
dynamically between each other using a routing protocol.
For routers to be reachable, the router interface must be configured.
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