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    L3 - Enterobactericiae SPP

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    bujalkan
    The document provides an introduction to Enterobacteriaceae, a family of gram-negative bacteria that are commonly found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. It discusses the morphology, physiology, pathogenicity, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Enterobacteriaceae infections. Key points include that Enterobacteriaceae are responsible for many infections like sepsis and UTIs; they possess antigens, fimbriae and capsules that contribute to pathogenicity; and laboratory diagnosis involves culturing specimens and conducting biochemical tests to identify bacterial species.

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    L3 - Enterobactericiae SPP

    Uploaded by

    bujalkan
    17 views23 pages
    The document provides an introduction to Enterobacteriaceae, a family of gram-negative bacteria that are commonly found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. It discusses the morphology, physiology, pathogenicity, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Enterobacteriaceae infections. Key points include that Enterobacteriaceae are responsible for many infections like sepsis and UTIs; they possess antigens, fimbriae and capsules that contribute to pathogenicity; and laboratory diagnosis involves culturing specimens and conducting biochemical tests to identify bacterial species.

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    L3 - ENTEROBACTERICIAE SPP (1)

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    The document provides an introduction to Enterobacteriaceae, a family of gram-negative bacteria that are commonly found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. It discusses the morphology, physiology, pathogenicity, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Enterobacteriaceae infections. Key points include that Enterobacteriaceae are responsible for many infections like sepsis and UTIs; they possess antigens, fimbriae and capsules that contribute to pathogenicity; and laboratory diagnosis involves culturing specimens and conducting biochemical tests to identify bacterial species.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    17 views23 pages

    L3 - Enterobactericiae SPP

    Uploaded by

    bujalkan
    The document provides an introduction to Enterobacteriaceae, a family of gram-negative bacteria that are commonly found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. It discusses the morphology, physiology, pathogenicity, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Enterobacteriaceae infections. Key points include that Enterobacteriaceae are responsible for many infections like sepsis and UTIs; they possess antigens, fimbriae and capsules that contribute to pathogenicity; and laboratory diagnosis involves culturing specimens and conducting biochemical tests to identify bacterial species.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 23

    INTRODUCTION TO

    ENTEROBACTERIACEAE

    Prepared by : Zakaria Ismail


    Uitm Penang Kampus Bertam 2012
    Learning Outcome
    At the end of the lecture, student should be able to :
    1- Know the morphology and physiology of
    enterobactericiae.
    2- Know the basic symptom and pathogenicity of
    the infection of enterobactericiae.
    3- Know the epidemiology of enterobactericiae
    infection.
    4-Identify the suitable lab diognosis,treatment and
    prevention of this species.
    INTRODUCTION
    • Referred to as the Enterics or enteric gram
    negative rods.
    • Widely distributed in the environment.
    • Commensal flora in the intestinal tract of
    humans and other animals.
    • Approximately 80% of gram negative rods
    isolated from clinical specimens.
    • Responsible for:
    - almost 50% of cases of septicemia disease
    - over 70% of urinary tract infections (UTI).
    • Currently over 100 species in 27 genera have
    been identified
    MORPHOLOGY
     All Enterobacteriaciae:

    1. Ferment glucose with acid production


    2. Reduce nitrates (NO3 to NO2 or all the way to N2)
    3. Oxidase negative
    4. All are aerobic but can be facultatively anaerobic
    5. Motile via peritrichous flagella except Shigella spp and Klebsiella
    spp which are non- motile
    6. Capsule, slime layer, or neither
    7. Possess fimbriae (pili)
    8. Biochemically and metabolically diverse; ferment glucose by the
    mixed acid pathway; Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Serratia utilize the
    butanediol pathway.
    9. Gram-negative enteric bacilli
    10. Non-spore forming except Klebsiella spp
    LACTOSE FERMENTER AND
    NON LACTOSE FERMENTER
    ANTIGENS
    1) O (somatic Ag), a heat stable
    Ag located in the cell wall
    2) H (flagellar Ag), a heat-labile Ag
    in the flagellum
    3) K (capsular Ag), a heat-labile
    polysaccharide
    Eg. E. coli
    4) M Ag, responsible for mucoid
    characteristics
    Eg. Klebsiella spp.
    Signs and Symptoms
    Diarrhea
     E. coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp

    Fever
     Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp

    Abdominal pain
     E. coli, Salmonella spp, Campylobacter spp

    Gastroenteritis – food poisoning characterized by


    vomiting and diarrhea
     Salmonella spp. Yersinia enterocolitica
    PATHOGENICITY
     Endotoxin
    • Lipopolysaccharide complexes which are
    pyrogenic. It increase the capillary
    permeability
     Exotoxin
    • Enterotoxin (activates the adenylate
    cyclase to cause diarrhea)
     Capsule – prevents phagocytosis
     Flagella – adheres to host cells
    Differences between bacterial Endotoxin
    and Exotoxin

    PROPERTY ENDOTOXIN EXOTOXIN

    Lipopolysaccharide (mw =
    CHEMICAL NATURE Protein (mw = 50-1000kDa)
    10kDa)

    RELATIONSHIP TO CELL Part of outer membrane Extracellular, diffusible


    DENATURED BY BOILING No Usually
    ANTIGENIC Yes Yes
    FORM TOXOID No Yes
    POTENCY Relatively low (>100ug) Relatively high (1 ug)
    SPECIFICITY Low degree High degree

    Often
    ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY No

    PYROGENICITY Yes Occasionally


    EPIDEMIOLOGY
    • The Enterobacteriaceae are not only pathogens and
    commensals of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract.
    • They are also found in abundance in almost any moist
    environment, notably soil, water, and the domestic
    environment.
    • Some of the normal inhabitants of the small and 
    large intestine included in the family: therefore, they are
    sometimes referred to as enteric bacilli or simply enteric.
    • Enterics are responsible for a majority of nosocomial
     infections
    • Some, like Escherichia coli, are always considered to be
    of faecal origin, and exist only transiently in other
    environments
    • Others are natural environmental strains and
    can be found among the flora associated with
    growing vegetables. 
    • It is possible that these environmental bacteria
    contribute to normal flora via food. Raw meat
    and vegetables are particularly likely to carry
    large numbers of bacteria. The same E.
    coli and Klebsiella spp. serotypes have been
    found in food and in the patients who consumed
    it.
    • About two million patients per year in the United
    States are estimated to acquire nosocomial
    infections
    • Approximately 5% to 10% of the total hospital
    population acquired such infections
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
    • Specimen:
    – Pus
    – Tissue
    – Sputum
    – Fluid
    – Rectal swab
    – feces
    • Specimen should be cultured immediately or
    placed on special media to prevent growth
    Culture:
    Colony morphology: moist, gray (except 
    Serratia marcescans which appears red)
    smooth colonies on non-selective media
    Special differential and selective media used
    for separation of genera and species
    Some strains are beta hemolytic on blood
    agar
    Special isolation media: contain various
    substances including indicators, inhibitors,
    etc.
    Biochemical test:
    Identify enteric bacteria according to:
     saccharides fermentation
     gas and H2S production (TSI)
     indole production and motility test (peptone
    medium)
     NH4  utilization (Simmons citrate medium),
    urea fermentation (urea medium).
     Numeric identification of Enterobacteriaceae
    Enterotest I, II.- the results are compared with
    the Enterotest register and evaluated in a
    special program.
    Workflow of Enterobactericiae identification
    Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing
    (AST)

    • Using disk diffusion method


    • Cultured on Mueller Hinton Agar
    • Examples of antibiotic used for identification
    of enterobactericeae:
     Sulfonamide
     Trimethoprim
     Co-trimoxazole
     Ampicillin
     Nitrofurantoin
     Nalidixic acid
     Tetracyclin
    TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
    *Serratia spp.

    Treat with either aminoglycosides,


    chloramphenicol, or trimethoprimsulfa-
    methoxazole; resistant to most of the
    "common" antibiotics

    *Enterobacter spp.

    Treat with any antimicrobials used for


    enterobacterial diseases
    *Shigella spp.

    Patients with severe dysentery are usually


    treated with antibiotics (e.g. ampicillin).

    *Salmonella spp.

    In contrast to salmonellosis, patients


    respond to antibiotic therapy and disease
    duration is diminished

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