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    Periodic Properties-4

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    qweerr
    This document discusses four periodic properties - atomic radius, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, and electronegativity. It states that these properties show regular gradation when moving left to right in a period or top to bottom in a group. It then lists the four properties and states that atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost shell, ionization enthalpy is the energy required to remove an electron, electron gain enthalpy is the energy released when an electron is added, and electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons.

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    Periodic Properties-4

    Uploaded by

    qweerr
    30 views13 pages
    This document discusses four periodic properties - atomic radius, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, and electronegativity. It states that these properties show regular gradation when moving left to right in a period or top to bottom in a group. It then lists the four properties and states that atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost shell, ionization enthalpy is the energy required to remove an electron, electron gain enthalpy is the energy released when an electron is added, and electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons.

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    This document discusses four periodic properties - atomic radius, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, and electronegativity. It states that these properties show regular gradation when moving left to right in a period or top to bottom in a group. It then lists the four properties and states that atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost shell, ionization enthalpy is the energy required to remove an electron, electron gain enthalpy is the energy released when an electron is added, and electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    30 views13 pages

    Periodic Properties-4

    Uploaded by

    qweerr
    This document discusses four periodic properties - atomic radius, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, and electronegativity. It states that these properties show regular gradation when moving left to right in a period or top to bottom in a group. It then lists the four properties and states that atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost shell, ionization enthalpy is the energy required to remove an electron, electron gain enthalpy is the energy released when an electron is added, and electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    The properties which are directly or indirectly related to their electronic

    configuration and which show a regular gradation when we move left to right
    in a period or from top to bottom in a group are called periodic properties.

    There are 4 such properties

    Atomic Radius

    Ionization Enthalpy

    Electron gain enthalpy

    Electronegativity
    Atomic Radius

    Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell
    containing electrons. In other words, it is the distance from the center of the nucleus
    to the point up to which the density of the electron cloud is maximum.

    Difficulties in determining Atomic Radius:

    • The electron cloud surrounding the atom does not have a sharp boundary.
    • It is not possible to isolate a single atom for the purpose of determination of its radius.
    • Distribution of electrons of an atom is affected by presence of other atoms within its molecule or in its
    neighbourhood.
    Types of Atomic Radii

     Covalent radius
     Van der Waals radius
     Metallic radius
    Covalent radius is half of the internuclear separation between the nuclei of
    two single-bonded atoms of the same species.

    r covalent = 1/2[Internuclear distance between two bonded atoms ]


    The Van der Waals radius is equal
    to one half the distance between two
    identical non-bonded isolated atoms.
    or
    two adjacent identical atoms belonging to two
    neighbouring molecules of an element in the
    solid state
    Comparison of Covalent radius and Van der waals radius

     Since Van der Waals forces of attraction are weak, therefore, the internuclear
    distances in case of atoms held by van der Waals forces are much larger than
    those between covalently bonded atoms.

     Since a covalent bond is formed by overlap of two half-filled atomic orbitals


    a part of the electron cloud becomes common. Therefore covalent radii are
    always smaller than Van der Waals radii.
    Electron sea model to explain bonding in metals

    In case of metals, the constituent particles are positively


    charged metal ions and free electrons.

    These positively charged metal ions are called Kernels.

    The force that holds the metal ions together in the crystal is
    called metallic bond
    Electron sea model

    These electrons can easily flow


    throughout the metal crystal thus making
    a sea of mobile electrons.

    These mobile electrons are


    simultaneously attracted by the positive
    ions and hence hold these positive ions
    together.
    Now lets define Metallic Radius
    Metallic radius is defined as one-half of the distance between the
    nuclei of two atoms in crystal or between two adjacent metal ions in
    the metallic lattice.
    Comparison of Covalent radius and Metallic radius
    Which of the two would be greater?
    Metallic radius is always greater than covalent radius.
    Reason: In metallic radius it is the radius between the adjacent metal ions (kernels) in the
    metallic lattice .
    In contrast , in covalent bond , due to sharing of electron cloud the covalent radius
    decreases.
    Comparison of different types of radii
    A comparison of three types of radii reveals that van der Waals radius is the longest while
    covalent radius of an atom is the shortest,i.e.

    Van der waal radius > Metallic radius > Covalent radius
    Questions:
    SET 1

    1.What are lanthanoides and actinoides?

    2.What is the basic difference in aproach between Mendeleev's periodic law and the Modern Periodic law?

    3. Write general electronic configuration of s-,p-,d- and f-block elements.?

    4. Write four characteristic properties of each s, p , d and f -block elements .


    Questions
    SET 2
    1.What do you understand by Periodic Properties of elements? Name any three such properties

    2.How to atomic size vary in a group and in period ? Explain.

    3.Why is Van der Waals radius bigger than covalent radius?

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