Testing and Commissioning of Power System Apparatus: MODULE-3: Transformers

TESTING AND
MODULE-3:
COMMISSIONING OF POWER
SYSTEM APPARATUS TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMERS
Specification: Power& distribution transformers as per BIS standard.
Acceptance Tests: Type, routine and special tests applicable.
Installation: Location, foundation details, conductor/cable termination boxes, bushings, polarity and
phase sequence, oil tank and radiators, nitrogen and oil filled trafos, drying of windings and general
inspection.
Commissioning Tests: Pre-commissioning, tests as per relevant BIS or IEC standards, ratio and
polarity, insulation resistance, oil dielectric strength, tap changing gear, fans and pumps for cooling,
neutral earthing resistance, buchholz relay, load tests and temperature rise, hot and cold IR value.
OBJECTIVES:
Describe the process to plan, control and implement commissioning of Transformers.
The performance specifications of transformer.
Demonstrate the routine tests for transformer.
Identification of tools and equipment’s used for installation and maintenance of
electrical equipment.
 Explain the operation of an electrical equipment’s such as isolators, circuit breakers,
insulators and Switchgears.

STRUCTURE:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Standards and Specifications
1.3 Specifications of Transformer
1.4 Procurement and Installation of Transformer
1.5 Code of practice for terminal plate
1.6 Phasor Diagram and Phasor Groups
1.7 Polarity and Phase Sequence
1.8 Testing of Transformer Tank
1.9 Transformer Oil
1.10 Testing of Transformer Oil
1.11 Drying of Transformer
1.12 Testing of Transformer
1.13 Cooling of Transformer
1.14 Commissioning of Transformer
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Power and distribution transformers are used for the purpose of power
transmission and distribution respectively.
Power transformer is one of the prime components of power system.
The transformer is to be operated as per the specifications for smooth
performance.
It is essential to keep the down time as minimum as possible, thereby

1.1 INTRODUCTION
As it is an important component of the system, utmost care is necessary in its
procurement, installation, testing prior to commissioning, operation and
maintenance as per IS code.
 The transformer is fitted with various accessories, fitments and protective

devices for assisting the smooth functioning and initiating necessary actions
under abnormal conditions. Various inspection and tests are conducted on the
transformer to be installed, in the factory and at site depending upon the
capacity of the transformer and facilities available for testing. The transformer
should be healthy in all respects before it is energized.
1.2. STANDARDS AND
SPECIFICATIONS
Standards are developed to meet a generally recognized demand, taking into
account the interest of manufacturers and users and fulfilling the needs of economy.
At present, a product cannot even be visualized without a standard.
A standard is a useful guide in all facets of a product - conception, design,

manufacture, testing, installation, operation, maintenance etc.
The international standards published by IEC (International Electro technical

Commission) are accepted universally.
1.2. STANDARDS AND
SPECIFICATIONS
However each country has its own National standards which are based on particular requirements and
practices of that nation.
 Indian Standards Institution (Bureau of Indian Standards) publishes IS standards. The manufacturers
and users in India have to follow IS standards and IEC standards.
 The word specification or rating denotes the assigned numerical value of capabilities.
The transformer is assigned with certain definite ratings.
These assigned ratings are guaranteed by the manufacturer.
 These ratings are confirmed by acceptance test to the satisfaction of the customer.
 Essential ratings are marked on the rating plate fixed on the equipment.
NEED FOR STANDARDIZATION OF
SPECIFICATION:
Transformer is a job specific product and requires effort in its design and drafting, even if a
single parameter is changed.
 Standardization of the specification and design parameters of this vital equipment of energy
transport will not only help in ensuring optimal distribution of available resources but also go a
long way in economizing the capital costs.
Efforts to standardize transformer specification have been made in different forums.
 The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) report and the Central Board of Irrigation and power
(CBIP) specifications are the outcome of a concerted effort over years.
1.3SPECIFICATIONS OF
TRANSFORMERS
The specifications of transformers should be supplied to the purchaser.
The transformer is to be operated as per the specifications in order to
avoid failure.
The life expectancy of transformer is increased by proper handling.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS OF
A POWER TRANSFORMER
Indian standard IS 2026 "Specification for Power Transformers" is the governing standard on Power
Transformers.
 This has been revised time to time.
 The specific information must be available with enquiry and order for the design and drafting of the
transformer.
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS OF A
POWER TRANSFORMER
Type of transformer: Separate winding transformer, autotransformer or booster transformer
 Number of phases: single or poly phase
 Frequency
 KVA Rating
 Rated voltages for each winding
 Connection symbol
 Requirements of on-load / off-load tap changers
 Impedance voltage at rated current
 Indoor or outdoor type

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
OF A POWER TRANSFORMER
Type of cooling and if different types of cooling involved, rated required power for each
Temperature rises and ambient temperature conditions including height above sea level and
in case of water cooling, chemical analysis of water.
Number of cooling banks, spare capacity and cooling pumps & fans.
 Highest system voltage for each winding
Method of system earthing for each winding
Insulation levels
Over fluxing conditions
 Details of auxiliary supply voltage (for fans, pumps, On Load Tap Changer, motor alarm,
control).
Control of tap changers
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
OF A POWER TRANSFORMER
Short circuit levels of the system
Vacuum and pressure withstanding values of the transformer tank
Noise level requirement
Number of rails and rail gauge for movement along shorter and longer axes
Fittings required with their vivid description
Any other appropriate information including special tests if any and capitization formula for the losses.
1.3.2 SPECIFICATION OF OUTDOOR TYPE 3-PHASE
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER UP TO AND
INCLUDING100KVA,11 KV: IS 1180 (PART1):1989
This standard specifies the requirements and tests for oil immersed, naturally air cooled 3phase, and
double wound non sealed type outdoor distribution transformers.
KVA rating: The standard rating shall be 16, 25, 63 and100KVA
Rated Frequency: The rated frequency shall be 50Hz.
Nominal system voltage: Nominal system voltage shall be chosen from 3.3, 6.6 and 11KV.
No Load voltage ratio: 3300/433-250V, 6600/433-250V or 11000/433-250V.
The winding connection and vectors: The primary winding shall be connected in delta and the secondary
winding star Dyn11 (IS 2026 (part 4); 1977) so as to produce a positive phase displacement of 30° from
the primary to the secondary vectors of the same phase.
SPECIFICATION OF
OUTDOOR TYPE 3-PHASE
DISTRIBUTION
are
TRANSFORMER
Tapping ratings and tapping methods. The number of tapings, winding tapped i.e. primary or secondary
to be specified. The total change in voltage as percent of total voltage and percent voltage change per tap
change are to be specified. Egg. Total change in voltage is ±10% and is achieved by changing taps with
±1.5% per tap.
 The transformer tank and the transformer oil shall comply with the requirements (IS 335;1983).
 Standard fittings: Details pertaining to the following standard fittings shall be given.
 Earthling terminals
 Oil Level gauge
 Lifting Lugs
 Rating and terminal marking plates
OUTDOOR TYPE 3-PHASE
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
Breather
 Drain cum sampling valve (3/4 nominal size threads) preferably steel with plug.
 Oil filling hole (11/4 nominal size thread) with cover (for transformers without conservator).
 Terminal arrangements
 Mounting arrangements
 Insulation Levels
 Limits of temperature rise
 Losses and impedance values
 Ability of transformers to withstand external short-circuit
 Any other required relevant information shall be provided.

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TESTING AND

Acceptance Tests: Type, routine and special tests applicable.

The performance specifications of transformer.

Demonstrate the routine tests for transformer.

Identification of tools and equipment’s used for installation and maintenance of

 Explain the operation of an electrical equipment’s such as isolators, circuit breakers,

insulators and Switchgears.

transmission and distribution respectively.

Power transformer is one of the prime components of power system.

The transformer is to be operated as per the specifications for smooth

It is essential to keep the down time as minimum as possible, thereby

 The transformer is fitted with various accessories, fitments and protective

At present, a product cannot even be visualized without a standard.

A standard is a useful guide in all facets of a product - conception, design,

The international standards published by IEC (International Electro technical

The transformer is assigned with certain definite ratings.

These assigned ratings are guaranteed by the manufacturer.

Efforts to standardize transformer specification have been made in different forums.

The transformer is to be operated as per the specifications in order to

The life expectancy of transformer is increased by proper handling.

 This has been revised time to time.

 Number of phases: single or poly phase

 Rated voltages for each winding

 Requirements of on-load / off-load tap changers

 Impedance voltage at rated current

 Indoor or outdoor type

Vacuum and pressure withstanding values of the transformer tank

Noise level requirement

Fittings required with their vivid description

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