Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 17

Public Switched

Telephone Network (PSTN)


Topics in PSTN
Trunk Network

Node 1 Node 2
 Introduction
 review of early
Access Access

exchanges Node 3
 PSTN Standards Terminals Terminals

 User services & terminals


 Modern exchange technology
 interface standards

 access and trunk networks

 signaling

 network management

 internetworking (telecommunications between networks)

2
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
 PSTN switching is based on circuit switching by duplex*
connections
 Temporary bidirectional connections
 Originally for speech (voice) only at 300-3400 Hz
 Earlier two subscribers connected by purely physical
connection (physical switch contacts)
 Nowadays by time slots ~ ISDN (Integrated services
digital networks)is integrated to PSDN
 PCM (Pulse code modulation) is the TDMA (Time division
multiple access) standard for the digital transmission
 PCM time slots consist of 8 bit samples
 For voice digital exchange sets up 64 kbit/s connections
 Data connections by (1) modems, (2) ISDN interface
(3) leased lines via X.25 / Frame relay, or (4) ADSL

*What are semi-duplex and simplex? 3


PCM: pulse coded modulation
An early exchange, call setup
 One of the 100 subscribers lifts his handset -> Call finder is
activated to search the line.
 After the line is located other relays connect the dial-tone
generator.
 The subscriber selects two digits.
 The first digit selects the subscriber group by using the
group selector.
 The second digit selects the line selector.
 Selection is done by sending pulses that move the selectors
stepwise.
 When connection is established a ringing tone is sent.
 Note that only 10 subscribers of 100 can call at the same
time to different numbers! (why?) (concentration is 1:10)
4
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
Categorizing switching

SPC: Stored program control

5
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
Crossbar switch

6
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
Crossbar switch - mechanics1

J.E.Flood: Telecommunication Switching and Networks


1

7
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
Access network Access
network

 local network, local loop or subscriber network


 Copper pairs are ideally suited to
 supplying power to the telephones

 baseband transmission of voice

 no modulation is required as in the case of fibre and

radio applications
 existing copper pair can also be used to access services

of greater bandwidth in other networks


 attenuation of voice signals represented a problem for
network planners - solution loading coils

8
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
Present-day PSTN ‘terminals1’ in
access network
 Fixed-line phones (analog, ISDN)
 Cordless phones (PBX-RF interface: DECT2)
 Fax
 Pay phones
 Private Branch Exchange (PBX)
 Gateways to Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN):
 GSM (Global system for mobile)

 wireless local area networks (WLAN)

 Local loop data extensions


 modems

 ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line) technology

 (leased lines)

1
also interfaces to other networks & equipment
9
2DECT: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen


Analog local loop interface
Loop current used for signaling & message

Digital-lines to
ISDN central office

per trunk signaling


in local loop:
- long setup time
- hacking easy
- voice grade circuits
- interference &
Analog-line cross-talk sensitive
- expensive 10
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
Basic telephone terminal

 A basic phone can be


made by using just
four units
 The bell

 The hook switch

 The keypad

 The speech circuit

 Modern keypads use dual-tone dialing


 The speech circuit adapts
voice levels and isolates
mic and speaker

11
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
Trunk network Local loop

 1960s employed both frequency division multiplexing (FDM)


and "baseband" over paired cable
 FDM was anyhow the backbone of the trunk networks of the
1960s
 ITU-T FDM recommendations specify

 capacity and frequencies for FDM systems with 12, 60,

300, 900, 960, 2,700 and 10,800 channels


 Carrier frequencies are between 60 kHz and just under

60 MHz
 In general, FDM can be used in symmetrical paired cable,
coaxial cable, radio link and satellite
 Modern trunk networks apply optical links that may
use Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

12
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
Some features of PSTN of ´60 (cont.)
 Network intelligence and value-added services
 not supported as such

 operators were anyhow intelligent :)

 value added services by tracking what happens in

the area!
 Inter-exchange signaling
 call setup took about 15 seconds

 channel-associated signaling (CAS: No.5, R1,R2*)

 about 10% of trunk line capacity was taken by signaling

 Operation and maintenance (O&M)


 using local info-databases and local workforce

 network maintenance was based on on-field check-ups

13
*nowadays in ISDN & PLMN: common channel signaling (CCS): SS7
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
Connecting V.34 (33.6 kb/s) modem

A-law: in Europe, -law:in the US

See also: “A brief introduction to modem technology” at 14


http://www.physics.udel.edu/wwwusers/watson/student_projects/scen167/thosguys/
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
Value
Present-day PSTN services Added
Basic

Supplementary
 Basic service
 bearer service (local loop access): analog (/ISDN)

 Value-added services (telephonist-originated) services as


 directory inquiry (118)

 weather, stock exchange, ticket reservation ...

 Supplementary services (Intelligent Terminal (IN)


implementation)
 distributed supplementary as ‘call forwarding

unconditional’ (Q.82.2), ‘call waiting’, ‘queuing’ ...


 centralized supplementary services (IN) use specialized

routing & charging as VPN, credit card calls, free phone


(receiver pays), universal access number (connected
automatically to the nearest office), ...
15
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
PSTN today summarized
 ISDN very popular in switches (in Finland all-digital
exchanges)
 ISDN getting popular also for local loop access
 Versatile access part (analog/digital terminals possible)
 Conventional local loop technology develops fast
 Remote controlled O&M
 IN services fully-developed - Intelligence moves to
terminals
 Fiber-optical DWDM links connect exchanges
 Common channel signaling (SS7)
 SDH-based (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) trunk-networking
 Gets still more subscribers!

16
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
Switching:
Transfer modes & connections
Transfer modes Connection types
ATM
PSTN Circuit switching Connection oriented
- developed for voice - hand-shaking Frame-relay
- nowadays also for data - strict error requirements
- well-specified delays - for fast data transfer
- echo problems
X.25
Packet switching Connectionless
- developed for data - broadcasting
- nowadays also for voice - modest error rates
- Statistical multiplexing often accepted
- variable delays - fast data in good channels
Ethernet UDP*
17
HUT Comms Lab., Timo O. Korhonen
*User Datagram Protocol

You might also like