Selection and Realization of Piezoelectric Material For Aerospace

SELECTION AND REALIZATION OF
PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL FOR AEROSPACE

APPLICATIONS
By
KRITTIKA KATTI
ANJALI COMAR
P.S.SUKRUTHA
CONTENTS
• Aim
• Introduction
a) Ring laser gyro (RLG)
b) Path length control (PLC)
c) Problem faced during PLC
• Experiment work
a) Selection of lead-free piezoelectric material
b) Preparation process of BaTiO3
• Results
a) X-ray diffraction
b) Microstructure
c) SEM
• Conclusion
• Future scope of work
AIM
• The main objective of this study is to replace “lead zirconate
titanate” (PZT) with a “lead-free” piezo ceramic which does
not undergo property degradation in any environment,
including x-rays.
INTRODUCTION
• Ring laser gyro: A ring laser gyroscope (RLG) consists of
a ring laser having two counter-propagating modes over the
same path in order to detect rotation. It operates on the
principle of the Sagnac effect.
• Path length control: The path length control mechanism is

required to compensate for dimensional changes in the ring
laser gyro block due to temperature variations or instabilities
in the materials. Path length is commonly controlled utilizing
piezoelectric devices which adjust the location of a movable
mirror in the ring laser gyro cavity.
RING LASER GYRO
SET UP
PROBLEMS FACED DURING PATH LENGTH
CONTROL
Three primary areas of concern are :

1) The path length changes caused by x-ray heating of the
PLC transducer assembly
2) The recovery time of the PLC subsystem from high intensity
x-radiation
3) The potential for unidentifiable mode changes caused by x-
ray heating.
LASER GYRO INPUT VS PATH LENGTH
Some “mode hopping” transient motions were produced by the PLC

transducer when subject to x-ray exposure
WORK CARRIED OUT
• Selection of lead-free piezoelectric materials

A low atomic number (Z) material has been selected
because for a given x-ray dosage, different atoms extract
energy about as Z^4.
According to the average atomic mass and compared to the

PbZrO3 - PbTiO3 presently used in the PLC transducer 35
materials have been identified.
Out of 35 materials, 16 materials have been selected which
have a perovskite structure.
Some of the materials identified under perovskite group were barium

titanate, lithium tantalate, lithium niobate, potassium tantalate, lithium
iodate,potassium lithium niobate, potassium lithium tantalate etc.
From the extensive list of lead-free materials available, we have

selected barium titanate for our study because of its high
piezoelectric properties.
STRUCTURE OF
BARIUM TITANATE
BaTiO3 is a ferroelectric ceramic material having the appearance of a white

powder or transparent crystals.
Flowchart for Preparation Processing
of Dense BaTiO3 by BaCO3 + TiO2
Solid State Reaction

Weighing
Reaction Kinetics and equation
Grinding
BaCO 3 (S) + TiO2(S) BaTiO3 (S)+ CO2 (g)
Precalcination at
Precursors are taken in Mole % compositions 1000°C for 2hr
Characterizations
Reground to
Powders
1000°C for 0.5 hr

Uni-axial
Dense Final stage Two Steps Final Pressing
BaTiO 3 sintering at 1350 Sintering (Pelletizing)
for 3hr
• Weighing of the constituent powders
Molecular weight of barium carbonate (BaCO3) = 197g

Molecular weight of titanium dioxide (TiO2) = 79.87g
1mole of BaTiO3 = 0.5 moles of BaCO3 + 0.5 moles of TiO2

10 moles of BaTiO3 = 5 moles of BaCO3 + 5 moles of TiO2
Weight of TiO2 → (5*79.87) / 138.435 = 2.884 g

Weight of BaCO3 → (5*197) / 138.435 = 7.115g
Weight of BaTiO3→ 9.999g
• Sintering cycle
RESULTS
• X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN
Powder X-Ray Diffraction Pattern of Barium Titanate

MICROSTRUCTURE
MAGNIFICATION- 200X
STANDARD ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC IMAGES (SEM)
Tetragonal Shaped BaTiO3 Grains

CONCLUSION
• The materials used in the PLC transducer were analyzed and the high
atomic number lead zirconate-lead titanate (PZT) materials used in the
transducer was considered as a cause for the mode hopping transient
motions.
• Therefore, low average atomic mass piezoelectric ceramic materials were

identified in this project which appear to have sufficient field-versus-
displacement to be used in replacement of the present lead zirconate-
lead titanate.
• Among the materials identified, barium titanate has been selected

because of its good piezoelectric properties and ready availability.
FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
• Poling of the already prepared barium titanate sample will be carried

out.
• In order to build a stack actuator, additional barium titanate samples

will be prepared.
• Realization of barium titanate stack actuator for RLG application.
• Realization of other lead-free materials (currently sodium potassium

niobate) will be carried out.

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SELECTION AND REALIZATION OF

PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL FOR AEROSPACE

• Path length control: The path length control mechanism is

Three primary areas of concern are :

Some “mode hopping” transient motions were produced by the PLC

• Selection of lead-free piezoelectric materials

According to the average atomic mass and compared to the

Some of the materials identified under perovskite group were barium

From the extensive list of lead-free materials available, we have

BaTiO3 is a ferroelectric ceramic material having the appearance of a white

Solid State Reaction

1000°C for 0.5 hr

Molecular weight of barium carbonate (BaCO3) = 197g

1mole of BaTiO3 = 0.5 moles of BaCO3 + 0.5 moles of TiO2

Weight of TiO2 → (5*79.87) / 138.435 = 2.884 g

• X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN

Powder X-Ray Diffraction Pattern of Barium Titanate

Tetragonal Shaped BaTiO3 Grains

• Therefore, low average atomic mass piezoelectric ceramic materials were

• Among the materials identified, barium titanate has been selected

• Poling of the already prepared barium titanate sample will be carried

• In order to build a stack actuator, additional barium titanate samples

• Realization of barium titanate stack actuator for RLG application.

• Realization of other lead-free materials (currently sodium potassium

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