Civil-Rights-And-Apartheid-Core-Revision-Content (HL IB History)

Prescribed Subject 4
– Rights and Protest

Prescribed Subject 4 – Rights and Protest
Key skill for Paper 1. Primary Sources
• Familiarise yourself with the main collections of online and printed
primary sources for both countries in this period.
South Africa
• Nelson Mandela’s Long Walk to Freedom (1995)
• South African History Online
• ANC document collections
• Overcoming Apartheid
How would you select a document for use in a Paper 1 on South Africa?
Key skill for Paper 1. Primary Sources
• Do the same for US Civil Rights
US Civil Rights
• Civil Rights Digital Library
• Library of Congress
• PBS Eyes on the Prize (also available in several printed versions)
• UNC – Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement
How would you select a document for use in a Paper 1 on Civil Rights ?
Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965,
Q.4
Jim Crow and disenfranchisement:
• State constitutions that breached the 14th (equal citizenship) and 15th (voting
rights) amendments. “Interposition.”
• Poll Taxes, “grandfather clauses” and other voting impediments
• Segregation of public services – education, transport, parks etc
• Segregation of businesses – lunch counters, hotels etc.
• Attitudes of Southern Democrat politicians
• The influence of the KKK – the police and judicial system; lynching
Q.4
Brown v Board and its implications:
• Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP; Chief Justice Earl Warren and the Supreme
Court verdict. Overturning of “Separate but Equal” (Plessy v Ferguson, 1896)
• The Southern Manifesto (1956)
• Little Rock Crisis (1957) – Governor Orval Faubus and Eisenhower; use of
Federal forces
• Limitations of desegregation
Q.4
Non-violent campaigns – Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)
• Arrest of Rosa Parks. Role of Jo Ann Robinson and the Women’s Political
Committee (WPC).
• Creation of Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA); leadership of
Martin Luther King.
• Role of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church.
• 13 Nov 1956: Supreme Court finds against transports segregation in Browder
v Gayle.
Q.4
Non-violent campaigns – The Freedom Rides (1961)
• The establishment of Congress of Racial Equality (CORE, 1942); and SNCC
(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, 1960)
• Attempts to uphold Morgan v Virginia (1942) and Boynton v Virginia (1962)
• 14 May 1961 – the Klan/Police attacks at Anniston, Alabama.
• 24 May 1961 – Freedom Riders arrested at Pachman, Mississippi
• 22 Sep 1961 – Interstate Commerce Commission outlaws segregation on
Interstate Transport
Q.4
Non-violent campaigns – Freedom Summer (1964)
• 1963 Freedom Vote registration campaign (Council of Federated
Organisations, COFO)
• Freedom Schools literacy programme
• Creation of the Mississippi Freedom Democractic Party (MFDP) as a challenge
against the segregationist official Democrat Party.
• KKK resistance: murders of Chaney, Schwerner and Goodman
• FBI role in fighting against the KKK
Q.4
Legislative Changes
• The Civil Rights Act (1964)
• Kennedy’s announcement of a Civil Rights Bill, 11 June 1963
• Southern Senators attempt to Filibuster the debate
• Johnson’s role in steering the Bill through Congress following Kennedy’s assassination
• Impact of the Act: ended segregation in public places and unequal application of voter
registration laws.
• The Voting Rights Act (1965)
• Growth of radicalism following Freedom Summer. Malcolm X’s criticisms of MLK’s non-violent
approach
• The Selma-Montgomery Voting Rights marches (March)
• Sheriff Jim Clark and the violence at Edmund Pettus Bridge. TV images beamed across the world.
• Johnson’s “We Shall overcome” broadcast (15 March 1965)
• Passing of Voting Rights Act (6 Aug 1965)
Q.4
Key personalities – Martin Luther King
• Leading role in Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-6)
• Founder of the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Coalition, 1957)
• Albany (Georgia) campaign (1962). Police Chief Laurie Pritchett’s defeat of the
campaign through building jail capacity.
• Birmingham (Alabama) campaign (1963). Letter from Birmingham Jail (16 April
1963. 16 Street Baptist Church March. Violent response from Chief Eugene
Connor; 2 – 7 May 1963 – mass arrests of children. 10 May – local desegregation
agreed.
• March on Washington “I have a dream” speech (28 Aug 1963)
• Selma Campaign (March 1965)
• Assassinated 4 April 1968, Memphis, Tennessee
Q.4
Key personalities – Malcolm X
• Becomes a preacher for Nation of Islam in the early 1950s following prison
term
• Advocate for Black Supremacy and attacks integration
• 1964 – splits from Nation of Islam and tours Africa. Forms Organisation of
Afro-American Unity and becomes a Pan-Africanist.
• Criticises Martin Luther King’s non-violent approach
• Feb 1965 – assassinated in Manhattan.
Key knowledge for US Civil Rights 1945-1965, Q.4
Key personalities – Lyndon Johnson

• Johnson’s background was as a schoolteacher and then as a New Dealer in the National Youth
Administration (NYA) in the early 1930s
• But also a highly skilled political operator who seldom picked a fight he could lose. While he
refused to sign the anti-Brown Southern Manifesto, he also helped to dilute the 1957 and 1950
Eisenhower Bills so that they passed through Congress.
• Kennedy appointed Johnson Chair of the largely powerless CEEO (Committee on Equal
Employment Opportunities.)
• On becoming President Johnson announced his “Great Society” project. His goals for Black
Americans were wrapped up in aims to end poverty and injustice.
• On becoming President he took up the Civil Rights cause as issue of justice, and as a monument
to Kennedy. Stormy relationship with Martin Luther King.
• Through a combination of charm, flattery, blackmail and personal threats he cajoled the
Southern Senators not to block either the 1964 Civil Rights Act or the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
Key knowledge for Apartheid South Africa
Q.4
Petty Apartheid Legislation
• Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949); The Immorality Act (1950); The Reservation of
Separate Amenities Act (1953).
Grand Apartheid Legislation
• The Population Registration Act (1950); The Group Areas Act (1950)
The Pass Laws
• The Natives Act (1952) - key piece of Apartheid Law to drive black people out of urban areas.
Education
• The Bantu Education Act (1953) – full segregation and subordination of black people.
Government no longer responsible for educating black people.
Bantustans (so-called Black Homelands)
• Bantu Authorities Act (1951) and Bantu Self-Government Act (1959) – to divide and rule the
black population by forcing them into tribally-defined rural areas (13% of country’s territory),
and then strip them of SA citizenship.
Q.4
Non-violent protest
The Defiance Campaign
• 6 June 1952 – mass defiance against apartheid laws.
• Breaches of segregation and of curfews.
• 8,000 were jailed for breach of apartheid laws.
The Freedom Charter

• 26 June 1952 – Kliptown meeting bringing together ANC, SAIC and other groups
• Demanded a government that reflected the will of the majority
• One person one vote regardless of race
• Full equality of rights for all people
• Became the basis for the Anti-Apartheid movement’s objectives
Q.4
The road to violence
The Sharpeville Massacre
• 19 March 1960. PAC President Robert Sobukwe announced a campaign against the Pass Laws.
• 21 March 1960. PAC demonstrators congregate outside Sharpeville Police Station.
• Police killed 69 and seriously injured 180 others.
• 30 March 1960. S. African police declare a State of Emergency.
The Armed struggle

• Feb 1960. PAC had established its Armed Wing. “Poqo” (Pure.)
• Dec 1961. ANC establishes Unkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), known as MK.
• Objective was to overthrow the government of South Africa using force.
• 200 acts of sabotage in first 18 months of MK.
Q.4
The Rivonia Trial, 1963-4
• Arrest of MK leadership at Lillesleaf Farm, Rivonia, following their plotting for an armed resistance
campaign, having received training at the hands of African nationalist leaders.
• The trial began 9 October 1963. 11 were accused of sabotage and guerrilla warfare.
• Defence case denied that they were Communists, or that MK was a wing of the ANC; also denied
that they had formally adopted a campaign of sabotage or treason.
• 20 April 1964 – Mandela challenged the legitimacy of the court and said he was prepared to die.
• 11 June 1964 – remaining defendants found guilty on all counts and sentenced to life
imprisonment.
• Rivonia Trial made a global icon of Nelson Mandela.
Q.4
Key Individuals
Nelson Mandela
• Formed the ANC Youth League in 1944
• Developed the Programme of Action (mass-action focused) 1949
• National Volunteer in Chief for The Defiance Campaign, 1962
• Arrested in 1955 and tried for treason; acquitted 1961
• 16 Dec 1961: founded Umkhonto we Sizwe “Spear of the Nation”
• 1962 travelled around Africa meeting nationalist leaders
• 5 August 1962. Arrrested.
• 1963-1964. The Rivonia Trial. Sentenced to life imprisonment for treason 1964
Q.4
Key Individuals
Albert Luthuli
• Became Chief of the Zulus in 1936
• Joined the ANC 1944
• Elected President of the ANC 1952
• Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 1960
• Subjected to several banning orders that restricted his movements
• Luthuli was increasingly marginalised by the more radical members of the ANC and claimed he
had not supported the creation of MK.
• Died in an accident 1967.
Q.4
Key groups
The ANC
• Founded 1912.
• Became a mass movement in response to the National Party’s election in 1948 and the passing of the
apartheid laws.
• Worked closely with the South African Indian Congress (SAIC), the South African Coloured People’s
Organisation (SACPO) and the South African Congres of Trades Unions (SACTU)
• Played a lead role in the Defiance Campaign (1952) and the Freedom Charter (1955).
• 30 March 1960: banned as an organisation.
• Dec 1961: established MK as an armed wing
The SACP
• Founded 1921; banned 1950.
• Worked closely with the ANC and shared members.
• Supported the founding of MK.

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Prescribed Subject 4

– Rights and Protest

Key personalities – Lyndon Johnson

The Freedom Charter

The Armed struggle

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