Standing waves are formed by the interference of two traveling waves of the same frequency moving in opposite directions. Nodes are points of zero amplitude, while antinodes are points of maximum amplitude. The possible standing wave patterns depend on the boundary conditions - with two fixed ends, the wavelengths are halves, wholes, and halves of multiples of the fundamental wavelength; with two free ends or one fixed and one free end, the possible wavelengths are quarters, thirds, halves, etc. of the fundamental wavelength.
Standing waves are formed by the interference of two traveling waves of the same frequency moving in opposite directions. Nodes are points of zero amplitude, while antinodes are points of maximum amplitude. The possible standing wave patterns depend on the boundary conditions - with two fixed ends, the wavelengths are halves, wholes, and halves of multiples of the fundamental wavelength; with two free ends or one fixed and one free end, the possible wavelengths are quarters, thirds, halves, etc. of the fundamental wavelength.
Standing waves are formed by the interference of two traveling waves of the same frequency moving in opposite directions. Nodes are points of zero amplitude, while antinodes are points of maximum amplitude. The possible standing wave patterns depend on the boundary conditions - with two fixed ends, the wavelengths are halves, wholes, and halves of multiples of the fundamental wavelength; with two free ends or one fixed and one free end, the possible wavelengths are quarters, thirds, halves, etc. of the fundamental wavelength.
Standing waves are formed by the interference of two traveling waves of the same frequency moving in opposite directions. Nodes are points of zero amplitude, while antinodes are points of maximum amplitude. The possible standing wave patterns depend on the boundary conditions - with two fixed ends, the wavelengths are halves, wholes, and halves of multiples of the fundamental wavelength; with two free ends or one fixed and one free end, the possible wavelengths are quarters, thirds, halves, etc. of the fundamental wavelength.
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STANDING
WAVES B Y: T O C K E C H A N TA L A N D R É A INTRODUCTION
• Maybe you've noticed or maybe you haven't. Sometimes
when you vibrate a string, or cord, or chain, or cable it's possible to get it to vibrate in a manner such that you're generating a wave, but the wave doesn't propagate. It just sits there vibrating up and down in place. Such a wave is called a standing wave. • Standing wave, also called stationary wave, is the combination of two waves moving in opposite directions, each having the same amplitude and frequency. • The phenomenon is the result of interference; that is, when waves are superimposed, their energies are either added together or canceled out. In the case of waves moving in the same direction, interference produces a traveling wave. • For oppositely moving waves, interference produces an oscillating wave fixed in space. HOW A STANDING WAVE IS FORMED • Standing waves are formed by the superposition of two travelling waves of the same frequency (with the same amplitude) travelling in opposite directions. • This is usually achieved by using a travelling wave and its reflection, which will ensure that the frequency is exactly the same. • In a bounded medium, standing waves occur when a wave with the correct wavelength meets its reflection. The interference of these two waves produces a resultant wave that does not appear to move. Standing waves don't form under just any circumstances. WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE THE NODE AND ANTINODE
• Standing waves have regions where the disturbance of the
wave is quite small, almost zero. These locations are called nodes. Nodes are points of zero amplitude and appear to be fixed. • There are also regions where the disturbance is quite intense, greater than anywhere else in the medium, called antinodes. In other words, Antinodes are points on a stationary wave that oscillate with maximum amplitude. THE NODE AND ANTINODE CONT- STANDING WAVES CONT-
• Standing waves require that energy should be fed into a
system at an appropriate frequency. That is, when the driving frequency applied to a system equals its natural frequency. This condition is known as resonance. Standing waves are always associated to resonance. • Resonance can be identified by a dramatic increase in amplitude of the resultant vibrations. • Any system in which standing waves can form has numerous natural frequencies. The set of all possible standing waves are known as the harmonics of a system.
• The simplest of the harmonics is called the fundamental
or first harmonic, and the harmonics above the fundamental, especially in music theory, are sometimes also called overtones. ONE DIMENSION: TWO FIXED ENDS
• If a medium is bounded such that its opposite ends can be
considered fixed, nodes will then be found at the ends and one antinode in the middle. This is half a wavelength. • To make the next possible standing wave, place a node in the center. We now have one whole wavelength. • To make the third possible standing wave, divide the length into thirds by adding another node. This gives us one and a half wavelengths. • It should become obvious that to continue all that is needed is to keep adding nodes, dividing the medium into fourths, then fifths, sixths, etc. TWO FIXED ENDS L =1/2λ 1ƒ L =2/2λ 2ƒ L =3/2λ 3ƒ L =4/2λ 4ƒ L =5/2λ 5ƒ General Formula: n/2 λ ONE DIMENSION: TWO FREE ENDS
• If a medium is bounded such that its opposite ends can be
considered free, antinodes will then be found at the ends. The simplest standing wave that can form under these circumstances has one node in the middle. This is half a wavelength. • https://physics.info/waves-standing/harmonics-2.svg ONE DIRECTION: ONE FIXED END – ONE FREE END
• When the medium has one fixed end and one free end the situation changes in an interesting way. • A node will always form at the fixed end while an antinode will always form at the free end. • The simplest standing wave that can form under these circumstances is one-quarter wavelength long. i.e L=1/4 λ • To make the next possible standing wave add both a node and an antinode, dividing the drawing up into thirds. We now have three-quarters of a wavelength. • https://physics.info/waves-standing/harmonics-3.svg ONE DIMESION (ALL COMBINED)
