CH 01 Hull Fundamentals 7 TH Ed
CH 01 Hull Fundamentals 7 TH Ed
CH 01 Hull Fundamentals 7 TH Ed
Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 1
The Nature of Derivatives
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 2
Examples of Derivatives
• Futures Contracts
• Forward Contracts
• Swaps
• Options
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 3
Ways Derivatives are Used
To hedge risks
To speculate (take a view on the future
direction of the market)
To lock in an arbitrage profit
To change the nature of a liability
To change the nature of an investment
without incurring the costs of selling
one portfolio and buying another
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 4
Futures Contracts
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 5
Exchanges Trading Futures
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 6
Futures Price
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 7
Electronic Trading
Traditionally futures contracts have been
traded using the open outcry system
where traders physically meet on the floor
of the exchange
Increasingly this is being replaced by
electronic trading where a computer
matches buyers and sellers
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 8
Examples of Futures Contracts
Agreement to:
buy 100 oz. of gold @ US$1050/oz. in
December
sell £62,500 @ 1.5500 US$/£ in
March
sell 1,000 bbl. of oil @ US$75/bbl. in
April
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 9
Terminology
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 10
Example
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 11
Over-the Counter Markets
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 12
Size of OTC and Exchange Markets
(Figure 1.2, Page 4)
Source: Bank for International Settlements. Chart shows total principal amounts
for OTC market and value of underlying assets for exchange market
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 13
Forward Contracts
Forward contracts are similar to futures
except that they trade in the over-the-
counter market
Forward contracts are popular on
currencies and interest rates
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 14
Foreign Exchange Quotes for
USD/GBP exchange rate on July
17, 2009 (See page 5)
Bid Offer
Spot 1.6382 1.6386
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 15
Options
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 16
American vs European Options
An American option can be exercised at
any time during its life
A European option can be exercised only
at maturity
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 17
Google Option Prices (July 17,
2009; Stock Price=430.25); See page 6
Calls Puts
Strike price Aug Sept Dec Aug Sept Dec
($) 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
380 51.55 54.60 65.00 1.52 4.40 15.00
400 34.10 38.30 51.25 4.05 8.30 21.15
420 19.60 24.80 39.05 9.55 14.70 28.70
440 9.25 14.45 28.75 19.20 24.25 38.35
460 3.55 7.45 20.40 33.50 37.20 49.90
480 1.12 3.40 13.75 51.10 53.10 63.40
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 18
Exchanges Trading Options
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 19
Options vs Futures/Forwards
A futures/forward contract gives the holder
the obligation to buy or sell at a certain
price
An option gives the holder the right to buy
or sell at a certain price
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 20
Hedge Funds (see Business Snapshot 1.1, page 10)
Hedge funds are not subject to the same rules as
mutual funds and cannot offer their securities publicly.
Mutual funds must
disclose investment policies,
makes shares redeemable at any time,
limit use of leverage
take no short positions.
Hedge funds are not subject to these constraints.
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 21
Three Reasons for Trading
Derivatives:
Hedging, Speculation, and Arbitrage
Hedge funds trade derivatives for all three
reasons
When a trader has a mandate to use
derivatives for hedging or arbitrage, but
then switches to speculation, large losses
can result. (See SocGen, Business Snapshot 1.2)
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 22
Hedging Examples (Example 1.1 and 1.2,
page 11)
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 23
Value of Microsoft Shares with
and without Hedging (Fig 1.4, page 12)
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 24
Speculation Example (pages 14)
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 25
Arbitrage Example (pages 15-16)
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 26
1. Gold: An Arbitrage
Opportunity?
Suppose that:
The spot price of gold is US$1000
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 27
2. Gold: Another Arbitrage
Opportunity?
Suppose that:
The spot price of gold is US$1000
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 28
The Futures Price of Gold
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 29
1. Oil: An Arbitrage Opportunity?
Suppose that:
The spot price of oil is US$70
The quoted 1-year futures price of
oil is US$80
The 1-year US$ interest rate is 5%
per annum
The storage costs of oil are 2% per
annum
Is there an arbitrage opportunity ?
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 30
2. Oil: Another Arbitrage
Opportunity?
Suppose that:
The spot price of oil is US$70
The quoted 1-year futures price of
oil is US$65
The 1-year US$ interest rate is 5%
per annum
The storage costs of oil are 2% per
annum
Is there an arbitrage opportunity?
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th Ed, Ch 1, Copyright © John C. Hull 2010 31