Introduction To Laws in Chemistry

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Stoichiometry

Introduction to
laws in chemistry

03/11/21 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100 1


Lavoisier: The Law of
Conservation of Mass

INTRODUCTION

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What Do You See?

Look closely!

What is its purpose?

When the pans are both at the
same height, what does that
mean if you have masses on
both pans?

Keep this in mind as we
continue
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LCM can neither be created nor
destroyed

Matter is converted from one
kind to another during a
chemical reaction

Atoms are neither created nor
destroyed during chemical
change
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Chemical Reactions involve a
rearrangement of atoms into different
combinations

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Lavoisier: The Law of
Conservation of Mass
Early 1700’s Lavoisier: Law of
Conservation of Mass
During a chemical change,
matter is neither created nor
destroyed.

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LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

In every chemical operation an equal
quantity of matter exists before and after
the operation

That is, the amount of matter before a
reaction must equal the amount of matter
after a reaction

No matter is lost.
The total mass of reactants = total mass of
products
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Conclusion

Matter is neither created nor
destroyed during a chemical
reactions but changes from one
form to another

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LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

When 0.0976 g of magnesium was
heated in air, 0.1618 g of magnesium
oxide (MgO) was produced.
a) what is the mass of oxygen
needed to produce 0.1618 g MgO?

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Using the LCM:
Total mass reactants = total mass
products
mass of Mg + mass O = mass of
MgO
0.0976 g Mg + mass O = 0.1618 g
MgO
mass O = 0.1618 g - 0.0976 = 0.0642
gO
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Proust: The Law of Definite
Proportions

1799, Proust: Law of Definite
Proportions
 A compound always contains the
same elements in certain definite
proportions.

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Water

Chemical analysis
revealed that as long as it
is pure i.e. its composition
is always one mole of
oxygen to two moles of
hydrogen

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LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
In a compound, the
ratios by mass of the
elements in that
compound are fixed
independent of the
origins or preparation of
that compound
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CaCO3

NaOH

H2SO4
 KMNO4
 NH3

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A compound is
unique because
of the specific
arrangement and
weights of the
elements which
make up that
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compound
Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100 15
•That is, elements
combine in whole
numbers
• Also it is not
possible to have a
compound with
portion an atom.
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LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS


Elements combine in
specific ratios to form
compounds

Use the Generic equation
for percent:
% = ( portion / total ) 100

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What is the
experimental percent
of oxygen in CO2 if
42.0 g of carbon
reacted completely
with 112.0 g of
oxygen?
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 % O = (mass of O / mass of
CO2) 100
% O= [112.0 g O / (42.0 g +
112.0 g) CO2] 100
= 72.7% O

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2 What is the theoretical percent
of aluminum in aluminum oxide?
 % Al = (Atomic mass of Al /
Formula mass of Al2O3) 100
 % Al = (54 amu / 102 amu) 100 =
52.9%


3. What is the percent
composition of sodium
chloride?

% Na = 39.3% % Cl = 60.7%

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Conclusion

All pure samples of a
particular compound
contain similar elements
combined in the same
proportion by mass

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LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
When two elements form a series of
compounds, the masses of the one
element that combine with a fixed mass
of the other element stand to one
another in the ratio of small integers.

Iron oxide exists in different ratios with different


properties
FeO and Fe2O3

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If two elements A and B, combine
to form more than one chemical
compound, then the various
masses of one element, A which
combine separately with a fixed
mass of the other element, B are in
a simple multiple ratio

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Examples

Copper and oxygen
combine to give black
copper(II) oxide, CuO and
red copper(I) oxide Cu2O

Iron and oxygen combine to
give brown iron(II), Fe2O3
and black iron(II) oxide, FeO

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Law of conservation of mass & Law of definite proportions

When 0.0976 g of magnesium was
heated in air, 0.1618 g of magnesium
oxide (MgO) was produced.

b) what is the percent of Mg in MgO?


% Mg = (mass Mg / Mass MgO) 100
= (0.0976g / 0.1618 g) 100
= 60.3 %

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Using only LDP, what mass of oxygen
was needed to combine with the
magnesium?
% O = 100% MgO - 60.3% Mg = 39.7% O
% O = (mass O / mass MgO) 100
39.7 % = (mass O / 0.1618 g) 100
mass O = 0.397 ( 0.1618 g) =
0.0642 g O
Same as using the LCM!!

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PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Practicing Law of conservation of mass:
________1. Aluminum metal combines with oxygen to produce
aluminum oxide. If 141.0g of aluminum yields 266.7 g of
aluminum oxide, how many grams of oxygen were needed?

________2. Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas to produce the


salt, sodium chloride. If 15.0 g of chlorine yields 26.5 g of salt,
how much sodium metal is needed?

Practicing the law of definite proportions:


________3. What is the experimental percent of oxygen in a copper
oxide if 10.0 g of copper reacted completely with 2.52 g of
oxygen?

_______ 4. Based on question #1, what is the experimental percent


composition of aluminum oxide?

_______ 5. Calculate the theoretical percent composition for


aluminum chloride and sodium oxide.

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PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Practicing percents:
75.0% Pure gold is too soft a metal for many uses, so it is
________1.
alloyed to give it more mechanical strength. One particular alloy is
made by mixing 29.17 g of gold, 3.81 grams of silver, and 5.91 g of
copper. What is the percent of gold in this mixture?
________2. If 255 g of a meat sample contains 21.9 g of fat, what
8.6%
percentage of fat is present?

Using the LAWS:


________3. How many grams of CuO can be obtained from 1.80 g of
2.25
copperg (use the theoretical percent composition)?

4. When aluminum combines with bromine gas, they produce the


substance aluminum bromide, AlBr3. Write a chemical equation
describing this reaction.
2Al
_______ If 56.88 g of aluminum + 3Bris2 formed
bromide  2AlBr
from3 5.75 g of
51.13 g
aluminum, how many grams of bromine was needed?

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