Stoichiometry

Introduction to
laws in chemistry

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 Lavoisier: The Law of
Conservation of Mass

INTRODUCTION

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 What Do You See?

Look closely!

What is its purpose?

When the pans are both at the
same height, what does that
mean if you have masses on
both pans?

Keep this in mind as we
continue
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 
LCM can neither be created nor
destroyed

Matter is converted from one
kind to another during a
chemical reaction

Atoms are neither created nor
destroyed during chemical
change
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 
Chemical Reactions involve a
rearrangement of atoms into different
combinations

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 Lavoisier: The Law of
Conservation of Mass
Early 1700’s Lavoisier: Law of
Conservation of Mass
During a chemical change,
matter is neither created nor
destroyed.

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LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

In every chemical operation an equal
quantity of matter exists before and after
the operation

That is, the amount of matter before a
reaction must equal the amount of matter
after a reaction

No matter is lost.
The total mass of reactants = total mass of
products
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 Conclusion

Matter is neither created nor
destroyed during a chemical
reactions but changes from one
form to another

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 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

When 0.0976 g of magnesium was
heated in air, 0.1618 g of magnesium
oxide (MgO) was produced.
a) what is the mass of oxygen
needed to produce 0.1618 g MgO?

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 Using the LCM:
Total mass reactants = total mass
products
mass of Mg + mass O = mass of
MgO
0.0976 g Mg + mass O = 0.1618 g
MgO
mass O = 0.1618 g - 0.0976 = 0.0642
gO
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 Proust: The Law of Definite
Proportions

1799, Proust: Law of Definite
Proportions
 A compound always contains the
same elements in certain definite
proportions.

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 Water

Chemical analysis
revealed that as long as it
is pure i.e. its composition
is always one mole of
oxygen to two moles of
hydrogen

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 LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
In a compound, the
ratios by mass of the
elements in that
compound are fixed
independent of the
origins or preparation of
that compound
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 
CaCO3

NaOH

H2SO4
 KMNO4
 NH3

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 A compound is
unique because
of the specific
arrangement and
weights of the
elements which
make up that
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compound
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 •That is, elements
combine in whole
numbers
• Also it is not
possible to have a
compound with
portion an atom.
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 LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS


Elements combine in
specific ratios to form
compounds

Use the Generic equation
for percent:
% = ( portion / total ) 100

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 What is the
experimental percent
of oxygen in CO2 if
42.0 g of carbon
reacted completely
with 112.0 g of
oxygen?
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  % O = (mass of O / mass of
CO2) 100
% O= [112.0 g O / (42.0 g +
112.0 g) CO2] 100
= 72.7% O

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 2 What is the theoretical percent
of aluminum in aluminum oxide?
 % Al = (Atomic mass of Al /
Formula mass of Al2O3) 100
 % Al = (54 amu / 102 amu) 100 =
52.9%


3. What is the percent
composition of sodium
chloride?

% Na = 39.3% % Cl = 60.7%

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 Conclusion

All pure samples of a
particular compound
contain similar elements
combined in the same
proportion by mass

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LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
When two elements form a series of
compounds, the masses of the one
element that combine with a fixed mass
of the other element stand to one
another in the ratio of small integers.

Iron oxide exists in different ratios with different

properties
FeO and Fe2O3

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 
If two elements A and B, combine
to form more than one chemical
compound, then the various
masses of one element, A which
combine separately with a fixed
mass of the other element, B are in
a simple multiple ratio

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 Examples

Copper and oxygen
combine to give black
copper(II) oxide, CuO and
red copper(I) oxide Cu2O

Iron and oxygen combine to
give brown iron(II), Fe2O3
and black iron(II) oxide, FeO

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Law of conservation of mass & Law of definite proportions

When 0.0976 g of magnesium was
heated in air, 0.1618 g of magnesium
oxide (MgO) was produced.

b) what is the percent of Mg in MgO?

% Mg = (mass Mg / Mass MgO) 100
= (0.0976g / 0.1618 g) 100
= 60.3 %

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 Using only LDP, what mass of oxygen
was needed to combine with the
magnesium?
% O = 100% MgO - 60.3% Mg = 39.7% O
% O = (mass O / mass MgO) 100
39.7 % = (mass O / 0.1618 g) 100
mass O = 0.397 ( 0.1618 g) =
0.0642 g O
Same as using the LCM!!

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 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Practicing Law of conservation of mass:
________1. Aluminum metal combines with oxygen to produce
aluminum oxide. If 141.0g of aluminum yields 266.7 g of
aluminum oxide, how many grams of oxygen were needed?

________2. Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas to produce the

salt, sodium chloride. If 15.0 g of chlorine yields 26.5 g of salt,
how much sodium metal is needed?

Practicing the law of definite proportions:

________3. What is the experimental percent of oxygen in a copper
oxide if 10.0 g of copper reacted completely with 2.52 g of
oxygen?

_______ 4. Based on question #1, what is the experimental percent

composition of aluminum oxide?

_______ 5. Calculate the theoretical percent composition for

aluminum chloride and sodium oxide.

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 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Practicing percents:
75.0% Pure gold is too soft a metal for many uses, so it is
________1.
alloyed to give it more mechanical strength. One particular alloy is
made by mixing 29.17 g of gold, 3.81 grams of silver, and 5.91 g of
copper. What is the percent of gold in this mixture?
________2. If 255 g of a meat sample contains 21.9 g of fat, what
8.6%
percentage of fat is present?

Using the LAWS:

________3. How many grams of CuO can be obtained from 1.80 g of
2.25
copperg (use the theoretical percent composition)?

4. When aluminum combines with bromine gas, they produce the

substance aluminum bromide, AlBr3. Write a chemical equation
describing this reaction.
2Al
_______ If 56.88 g of aluminum + 3Bris2 formed
bromide  2AlBr
from3 5.75 g of
51.13 g
aluminum, how many grams of bromine was needed?

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