SQL

Structured Query Language

Path from Unorganized to Organized….

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 What is a Database…
A database is an organized collection of data. The database management
system(DBMS) is the system which acts as medium to carry data from database
and user.

There are 4 types of DBMS

Hierarchical
DBMS

Network DBMS

Relational DBMS

Object Oriented
DBMS

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 What is SQL…
SQL is the standard used to manage data in relational tables. Structured Query
Language normally referred as SQL and pronounced as SEE QU EL..

SQL allows users to create databases, add data, modify and maintain data. It is
governed by standards maintained by ISO(International Standards
Organization).

Example of a relational table:

Employee Department
Emp Id Emp Age Dept_id Dept_id Dept_name
Name
1 Accounts
1 John 40 1
2 Production
2 Linda 35 1
3 Max 30 2

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 SQL syntax and query
SQL is case in-sensitive, that is keyword SELECT and select is same for SQL. Every
SQL command should end with a semi-colon (;).

If the syntax is not proper, then executing the command would result in syntax
error.

Command used to fetch data from table is called as query. A basic SQL query
consists of SELECT, FROM and WHERE clause.
SQL SELECT Command example:
SELECT col1, col2, col3,…..
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

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 Datatypes in SQL
Data type is the attribute of the data expected in the column. Depending upon
the SQL implementation (version) different data types are available. Whenever
you create a column using the data type, the SQL Implementation program would
allocate appropriate amount of space to store the data.

Data types are broadly categorized into Numerics, Strings, Binary, Datetime,
Collection and XML. Most commonly used data types are Integer, Decimal, Float,
Character, Varchar, Boolean, Date.

Example:
1. Boolean Value : Return value = “True”
2. INT : 5400, -2500
3. Numeric or Decimal: Decimal(4,2) = 1000.24

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 Operators and expressions in SQL
In SQL, operators are used in an SQL statement’s WHERE clause to perform
different operations like comparison, logical and arithmetic operations.
Operators that can be used are logical, comparison and Arithmetic. The
Operators include <,>,<>,AND,OR,BETWEEN,ISNULL,+,-,?,% etc.

Generally in any programming language, expression is a combination of values,

constants, variables, operators and functions that results in a value. In SQL,
expressions are used to query database/table to get specific data.

Syntax:
SELECT cols|expressions FROM table_name
WHERE condition(using operators|expressions);

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 SQL commands can be used to create databases, edit data in tables, delete data and
maintain data in tables.
SQL commands are classified into 3 groups: DDL(Data definition Language),
DML(Data Manipulation Language) and DCL(Data Control Language).

DD DM
DCL
L
CREATE
L
SELECT
GRANT
ALTER
INSERT INTO
DROP
UPDATE
CREATE INDEX
REVOKE
DROP INDEX DELETE

Let us start with CREATE…

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 Create Database and Table
As part of the Data Definition Language (DDL) under SQL, CREATE keyword is used to create
databases and tables.
One would need to first create Database and then under that database create the required
tables.
Syntax for creation of database:
CREATE DATABASE database_name;

The SQL CREATE TABLE statement allows you to create and define tables in a database.
Syntax for creation of table:
CREATE TABLE tablename
( column1 datatype NULL/NOT NULL,
Column2 datatype NULL/NOT NULL
…………………
…………………
PRIMARY KEY (column name or names), Optional
FOREIGN KEY(column name) REFERENCES Tablename(column name)
);
WE will learn about Primary and Foreign key in the constraints slide…

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 Create Database and Table-1
Example
Create employee table, which has a constraint on Department id of Departments
table(i.e. value of department id in employee table depends on the value of
Department id in Departments table).

CREATE TABLE employee(

Emp_ID INT NOT NULL,
Emp_Name Varchar(20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
Phone_Num INT,
Dept_ID INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(Emp_ID),
FOREIGN KEY(DEPT_ID) REFERENCES DEPARTMENTS(DEPT_ID));

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 Interesting, right?
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