Chapter 13 : Programming

Languages and Program

Development
 Chapter 13 Objectives
Describe
Describevarious
variousways
waystotodevelop
developWeb
Webpages
pages
including HTML, scripting languages,
including HTML, scripting languages,
DHTML,
DHTML,XML,XML,WML,
WML,and andWeb
Webpage
page
Differentiate authoring software
Differentiatebetween
betweenmachine
machine authoring software
and assembly languages
and assembly languages
Identify
Identifythe
theuses
usesof
ofpopular
popularmultimedia
multimedia
authoring programs
authoring programs
Identify
Identifyand
anddiscuss
discussthe
thepurpose
purposeof
of
procedural
proceduralprogramming
programminglanguages
languages
List
Listthe
thesix
sixsteps
stepsin
inthe
theprogram
program
development cycle
development cycle
Identify
Identifyand
anddiscuss
discussthe
thecharacteristics
characteristicsof
of
object-oriented
object-orientedprogramming
programminglanguages
languagesand
and
program
programdevelopment
developmenttools
tools Differentiate
Differentiatebetween
betweenstructured
structureddesign
designand
and
object-oriented design
object-oriented design
Identify
Identifythe
theuses
usesof
ofother
otherprogramming
programming
languages
languages and other programdevelopment
and other program development
tools
tools Explain
Explainthe
thebasic
basiccontrol
controlstructures
structuresand
and
design
designtools
toolsused
usedin
indesigning
designingsolutions
solutionsto
to
programming
programmingproblems
problems

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Computer Programs and Programming Languages

• What is a computer program?

 Series of instructions that directs computer to
perform tasks
 Programming language—used to communicate
instructions

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Computer Programs and Programming Languages

• What are low-level languages and high-level languages?

Low-level
Low-level High-level
High-level
language
language language
language
Machine-dependent
Machine-dependent Often
Oftenmachine-independent
machine-independent
runs
runsonly
onlyon
onone
onetype
typeof
ofcomputer
computer can
canrunrunon
onmany
manydifferent
different
types
typesofofcomputers
computersand
andoperating
operating
Machine
Machineand
andassembly
assemblylanguages
languages systems
systems
are
arelow-level
low-level

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Low-Level Languages

• What is machine
language?
 Only language computer
directly recognizes
 Uses a series of binary
digits (1s and 0s) with a
combination of numbers
and letters that represent
binary digits

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Low-Level Languages
• What is assembly language?

 Instructions made up of
symbolic instruction
codes, meaningful
abbreviations and codes
 Source program contains
code to be converted to
machine language

p. 666 Fig. 13-3

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Procedural Languages
• What is a procedural language?

Programmer writes
instructions that tell Uses series of English-like
computer what to accomplish words to write instructions
and how to do it

Often called third-generation

language (3GL)

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Procedural Languages
• What is a compiler?

 Program that
converts entire
source
program into
machine
language
before
executing it

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Procedural Languages
• What is an interpreter?
 Program that
translates and
executes one
program code
statement at
a time
 Does not produce
object program

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Procedural Languages
What is COBOL?
 Designed for business applications
 English-like statements make code easy to read, write,
and maintain
 COmmon
Business-Oriented
Language

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Procedural Languages
• What is C?
 Powerful language originally designed to write system
software
 Requires professional programming skills

COBOL

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 Object-Oriented Programming Languages
• What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language?

Used to Major benefit Event-driven— Java, C++, C#,

implement is ability to checks for and Visual Basic
object-oriented reuse existing and responds are complete
design objects to set of events object-oriented
languages
Object is
item that Event is
contains action to
data and which
procedures program
that act on responds
data

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Object-Oriented Programming Languages

• What is Java?
 Developed by Sun
Microsystems
 Similar to C++ but
uses just-in-time
(JIT) compiler to
convert source
code into machine
code

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Object-Oriented Programming Languages

• What is C++?
 Includes all elements of C, plus additional features
for working with object-oriented concepts
 Used to develop
database and
Web applications

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Object-Oriented Programming Languages

• What is C#?
 Object-oriented programming language based on C++
 Accepted as a standard for Web applications and
XML-based Web services
 Uses a JIT compiler
 Resulting code is called Microsoft Intermediate
Language (MSIL)

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Object-Oriented Programming Languages

• What is a visual programming language?

Visual programming Provides visual or
environment (VPE)
graphical interface for
allows developers to
drag and drop objects creating source code
to build programs

Sometimes called
fifth-generation
language
Programmer writes
and implements
Often used in RAD program in segments
(rapid application
development)
environment
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Object-Oriented Programming Languages

• What is Visual Studio?

 .NET is set of technologies that allows program to run on Internet
 Comprised of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C#, and Visual J#

Step 1. The Step 2. The developer

developer assigns properties to each
designs the object on the form.
user interface.

Step 3. The
developer
writes code
to define the
action of each
command button.

Step 4. The developer

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 Object-Oriented Programming Languages

• What is Delphi?
 Powerful visual programming tool
 Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Object-Oriented Programming Languages

• What is PowerBuilder?
 Another powerful visual programming tool
 Best suited for Web-based and large-scale
enterprise object-oriented applications

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Other Programming Languages

 What are nonprocedural languages and

program development tools?

Nonprocedural
Nonprocedural Program
ProgramDevelopment
Development
Language
Language Tools
The Tools
Theprogrammer
programmerwrites
writesEnglish-
English- User-friendly
like User-friendlyprograms
programs
likeinstructions
instructionsor
orinteracts
interacts designed
with designedtotoassist
assistboth
both
withaavisual
visualenvironment
environmenttoto programmers
retrieve programmersand andusers
usersinin
retrievedata
datafrom
fromfiles
filesororaa creating
database creatingprograms
programs
database

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Other Programming Languages
• What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)?
 Nonprocedural language that allows access to data in
database
 Popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows users to
manage data in relational DBMS

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Other Programming Languages
• What are other available programming languages?

ADA ALGOL APL

BASIC FORTH FORTRAN HYPERTALK

LISP LOGO MODULA-2

PASCAL PILOT PL/1 PROLOG

SMALLTALK
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Other Program Development Tools
• What is an application generator?

 Program that creates

source code or machine
code from specification
 Consists of report writer,
form, and menu
generator
 Form provides areas for
entering data

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Other Program Development Tools
• What is a macro?
 Series of statements that instructs an application how
to complete a task

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 Web Page Development
• What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?
 Used to create Web pages

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Web Page Development
•How are special effects and interactive
elements added to a Web page?

Script Applet Servlet ActiveX

interpreted usually runs applet that control
program that on client, but runs on small program
runs on client is compiled server that runs on
client

Counter Image map Processing

tracks graphic form
number of image that collects data
visitors to points to from visitors
Web site URL to Web site

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Web Page Development
• What is the common gateway interface (CGI)?

 Communications standard

that defines how Web

server
communicates with
outside
 sources
CGI script—program that
manages sending and receiving
across CGI

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Web Page Development
• What is a scripting language?
 Typically easy to learn and use
 JavaScript
 Perl (Practical Extraction
and Report Language)
 PHP (PHP: Hypertext
Preprocessor)
 Rexx (Restructured
eXtended eXecutor)
 TCL (Tool Command
Language)
 VBScript (Visual Basic,
Scripting Edition)

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Web Page Development
• What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)?
 Allows developers to
include more graphical
interest and interactivity
in Web page

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Web Page Development
• What are XHTML, XML, and WML?
XHTML
(Extensible HTML) Includes features of HTML
enables Web sites to be displayed and XML
more easily on microbrowsers

XML Server sends entire record to

(Extensible Markup Language) client, enabling client to do
allows developers to much of processing without
create customized tags going back to server
RSS 2.0

WML
Many PDAs and smart
(Wireless Markup Language) phones use WML as their
allows developers to design pages markup language
specifically for microbrowsers

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Web Page Development
• What is Ajax?
 Stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
 Method of creating interactive Web applications designed
to provide immediate response
 Combines JavaScript, HTML or XHTML, and XML
 Google Maps and Flickr use Ajax

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Web Page Development
• What is Ruby on Rails (RoR)?
 Also called Rails
 Open source framework that provides technologies for
developing object-oriented, database-driven Web sites
 Ruby is derived from a variety of languages, including Ada,
LISP, Perl, and Smalltalk

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Web Page Development
• What is Web page authoring software?
 Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML
 Generates HTML

Dreamweaver Expression Flash

Web

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Multimedia Program Development
• What is multimedia authoring software?
 Combines text,
graphics, animation,
audio, and video into
interactive presentation
 Used for computer-
based training (CBT)
and Web-based training
(WBT)
 Software includes
Toolbook, Authorware,
and Director

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends