Physics Investigatory-Project-On-Ldr
Physics Investigatory-Project-On-Ldr
Physics Investigatory-Project-On-Ldr
Sujay Tewary
Roll. No- 47
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certificate
This is to certify that Sujay Tewary of class XII has
successfully completed the investigatory project on
“TO STUDY VARIATION OF CURRENT USING A LDR"
under the guidance of Mr. Satadru Chanda This project is
absolutely genuine and doesn't not involve in any kind of
plagiarism. This is in partial fulfillment of Physics practical
examination AISSCE 2020-21.
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INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE ii
INTRODUCTION 01
THEORY 03
PROCEDURE 08
OBSERVATIONS 09
APPLICATIONS 12
SOURCES OF ERROR 13
BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
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INTRODUCTION
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Applications
Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs
are used for the mid infrared spectral region. GeCu
photoconductors are among the best far- infrared
detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy
and infrared spectroscopy.
Analog Applications
· Camera Exposure Control
· Auto Slide Focus - dual cell
· Photocopy Machines - density of toner
· Colorimetric Test Equipment
· Densitometer
· Electronic Scales - dual cell
· Automatic Gain Control – modulated light source
· Automated Rear View Mirror
Digital Applications
· Automatic Headlight Dimmer
· Night Light Control
· Oil Burner Flame Out
· Street Light Control
· Position Sensor
*LDR has a disadvantage that when its temperature changes, its
resistance changes drastically for a particular light intensity.
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AIM & APPARATUS
AIM:
To study the variations, in current flowing in a
circuit containing a LDR, because of a variation:-
APPARATUS:
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
Connecting Wires
Source of different power rating
(bulbs)
Bulb Holder
Metre
scale Multi
Meter
Battery
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THEORY
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Characteristics of photoconductive cells
Now when the device is kept in darkness, its resistance
is called as dark resistance. This resistance is typically
of the order of 1013 ohms. When light falls on it, its
resistance decreases up to several kilo ohms or even
hundreds of ohms, depending on the intensity of light,
falling on it.
The spectral response characteristics of two commercial
cells were compared in our laboratory. And we found
that there is almost no response to the radiation of a
wavelength which was shorter than 300nm. It was very
interesting to note that the Cadmium Sulphide cell has a
peak response nearer or within the green color of the
spectrum within a range of 520nm. Thus it can be used
nearer to the infra-red region up to 750nm. It was found
that the maximum response of Cadmium
Sulphoselenide is in the yellow-orange range at 615nm
and also it can be used in the infra-red region up to
about 970nm.
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Sensitivity
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Spectral Response
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2.) luminous flux variation:
Considering the source to be a point radiating in all
directions; consider a steradian (or even a simple
sphere), take a small element dA on the steradian at a
distance ‘r’ from the source. It comprises a small part
of the energy radiated (dEr).
Now, go further to a distance ‘R’ (R>r) from the
source, consider the same area element dA, it
comprises a much smaller part of energy radiated
(dER).
[dEr > dER].
It varies inversely as the square of the distance.
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PROCEDURE
Choose a specific position for the source and mount it
using a holder, make sure it is stable.
Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and connect it
to the holder as shown in the figure.
Connect the LDR, battery(6V) and the multimeter
in series.
Set the multimeter to ohm section and select
suitable range and measure the resistance with a bulb on.
Similarly switch to current section and move to
micro
ampere in the multimeter. This gives the value of the
current.
Repeat these steps with different power sources
at
different distances and note down observations.
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OBSERVATIONS
1. 50 142.5 40
2. 40 69 80
3. 30 41 150
4. 20 21 300
1. 50 51 120
2. 40 35 170
3. 30 22 270
4. 20 11 540
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3.) 40 watts (incandescent) (mean wavelength = 610nm)
1. 50 20 300
2. 40 13 460
3. 30 8.5 700
4. 20 4.5 1330
1. 50 15.5 380
2. 40 10 600
3. 30 6 1000
4. 20 3 2000
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CONCLUSION & RESULT
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SOURCES OF ERROR
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.com/
www.electronics2000.co.uk/links/education-hobby/
www.ecelab.com/
Practical physics
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