Field Safety Considerations and Its Design Implications

Field Safety Considerations and its
Design Implications — Introduction

to Workplace Health and Safety
Workplace Decision
Introduction Hazard Control Risk Assessment Review
Hazards Making
Purpose
The purpose of this safety module is to provide graduate engineers

with some information on common safety considerations in the
workplace.
This module contains information on workplace hazards and

precautions to mitigate those hazards.
Some short quizzes, case scenarios and an exam is included to test

the audience’s knowledge.
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Learning Objectives
• Learn and apply legislative requirements, industry standards, and best

practices in a variety of workplaces.
• Apply risk management methods to identify, anticipate, manage, and
control workplace hazards.
• Collect and merge data to identify the current safety issues within the
workplace.
• Have a solid understanding of health and safety management at workplace
and able to pass along sufficient information to others in potential risk.
• Apply solutions, prevention and basic assessments to the hazards created
by other coworkers.
• Practice safety procedures and employ ethical standards in all aspects at
workplace.
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History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities
 The safety of workers is a critical priority

for employers, often taking precedence over
production and quality.
 The safety culture of an organization is

the product of individual and group values,
attitudes, perceptions, competencies and
patterns of behavior that determine the
commitment to, and the style and
proficiency of, an organization’s health and
safety management.
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Creating a positive culture for

safety helps workers to understand
and follow good safety habits.
 Thinking safety and acting

accordingly has been effective for
many years and the results are
significantly different from the early
years of industrial developments.
Ref: Signs of workplace safety culture,

Annemarie communicates insurance
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However, there are still reports of injuries

and fatalities throughout workplaces around
the world. While unsafe conditions and
processes contribute to these injuries, some
of these are caused due to human errors. That
is why the safety culture is extremely
important in preventing injuries and fatalities.
Employers and workers are required to

follow the occupational health and safety
regulations. The duties of employers and
workers are detailed in the health and safety
regulations.
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The Association of Workers'

Compensation Boards of Canada
(AWCBC) is the responsible organization
for statistical analysis of workplaces
Nearly a
injuries and fatalities in Canada. quarter million
Canadian
According to AWCBC’s data for 2013, workers suffer
there were 241,933 lost time Lost Time
injuries/diseases in Canada. Lost time Injuries (LTI)
injuries are injuries to the employee
that will result in the loss of productive
work whether in form of delays or
absenteeism.
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According to AWCBC’s report for Lost time injuries

2013, there were 241,933 lost time
injuries/diseases in Canada. Lost time
injuries are injuries to the employee
that will result in the loss of Females
productive work whether in form of 37%
delays or absenteeism. Males

63%
In the same report, health and

social service industries were leading
in the number of lost time
injuries/diseases compared to other
industries.
Males Females
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N u m b e r o f lo s t ti m e in ju r ie s
Total lost time injuries
180000
Total lost time 160000
injuries for all 140000
regions by gender 120000
according to 100000
AWCBC’s analysis. 80000
60000
40000
20000
0
2011 2012 2013
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Their statistics show that the highest number of injuries occurred for
workers between 45 to 54 years old with a total number of 63,417
injuries.
1. Why do you think more males are injured than females?

2. Why do you think workers between 45 to 54 years old had the
most injuries?
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• According to statistics results, men are most

likely to be injured in workplaces. But does
this mean that any type of job put men in
danger?
• Clearly, the answer is No as it seems that
there are more men working in hazardous
work environments than women.
• Therefore, the chance of men getting injured
in those environments is higher.
• What other reasons can cause men to have a
higher injury rates?
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• Individual Canadian provinces have different injury rates depending on

the resources and the type of jobs there.
• Which provinces do you think have the highest injury rates?
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• The AWCBC report indicates that provinces with higher populations

such as Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia , Alberta and Manitoba
have the most injuries each year.
• This study was conducted for the years of 2011, 2012 and 2013. Which
three provinces do you think accounted for most injuries?
For the mentioned years. Quebec had the most injury rates followed
by Ontario and British Colombia.
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Let’s look at a case study…
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Case Study
On November 3, 2001, a 19-year-old male, Nick, who was a

forklift operator was injured.
On that day, he was supposed to move a stack of 42 loose
sheets of lumber that weighed over 1200 kg.
He lifted the load with a forklift and backed it away from
the shed. As he reversed, the load shifted a little bit and
started to slip off the forks, so he decided to get off and
push the boards back on. His co-worker hopped on the
forklift to help, and Nick told him to lower the forks.
Just as he turned away from the forklift, the entire load
suddenly slid off the forks and smashed onto his back,
driving him to the ground and doubling him forward at the
waist.
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Case Study
Nick was then rushed to hospital and transferred to Vancouver where he had
13 ½ hours of surgery. Part of his spine was reconstructed and a corner of
one of his ribs was grafted into his back. He spent three weeks in hospital
followed by three months in rehabilitation at GF Strong before returning
home to Victoria.
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Case Study
 Nick mentioned that his only training to operate a forklift was learning
where the brake and gas pedals are in addition to lifting handle.
 It is the responsibility of employers to make sure the workers have all
the required trainings for operating and/or using work-related
equipment.
 It is also within the safety culture that more experienced staff to prevent
such tragedies to happen by informing the person about the hazards of
the job he/she is about to do.
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Case Study
1. What did Nick do wrong?

2. What would have you done if you
were Nick?
3. If you were his co-worker, what would
have you done to prevent him from
getting injured?
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Regulatory Information
In relevant to Nick’s story, let’s state some of the regulatory

information under the occupational health and safety act in Ontario.
As a minimum, employers should ensure that the following existing

regulatory requirements are complied with
• no part of a load must pass over any worker
• a lift truck left unattended must be immobilized and secured against
accidental movement and forks, buckets or other attachments must
be in the lowered position or firmly supported
• no load may exceed the maximum rated load and loads must be
handled in accordance with the height and weight restrictions on
the vehicle's load chart
• when a load is in the raised position, the controls must be attended
by an operator
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• If an operator does not have a clear view, a signaler who has been
instructed in a code of signals for managing traffic in the workplace must
be used.
• Loads must be carried as close to the ground or floor as the situation
permits.
• Loads that may tip or fall and endanger a worker must be secured;
• Where a lift truck is required to enter or exit a vehicle to load or unload,
That vehicle must be immobilized and secured against accidental
movement.
• A lift truck must not be used to support, raise or lower a worker on a
construction site and must only be so used in an industrial establishment
if the work is carried out in accordance with Regulation 851 (Section 52).
• Barriers, warning signs, designated walkways or other safeguards must be
provided where pedestrians are exposed to the risk of collision.
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• Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) is a set of regulations that

protects everyone at workplaces and should be followed by all.
• The OHSA does not apply to the following:
• Work done by the owner or occupant, or a servant, in a private
residence or in the lands and appurtenances used in connection
with the private residence [subsection 3(1)]
• Workplaces under federal jurisdiction, such as:
• post offices
• airlines and airports
• banks
• some grain elevators
• telecommunication companies, and
• interprovincial trucking, shipping, railway and bus companies
• Federal jurisdiction are covered under Canada Labour Code
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• Under the law, workers have the right to refuse work if the type of
work puts themselves and other workers in danger.
• This right is only limited to the following:
• “police officers
• firefighters
• workers employed in the operation of correctional institutions and
similar institutions/facilities
• health care workers and persons employed in workplaces like hospitals,
nursing homes, sanatoriums, homes for the aged, psychiatric
institutions, mental health centres or rehabilitation facilities,
residential group homes for persons with behavioural or emotional
problems or a physical, mental or developmental disability, ambulance
services, first aid clinics, licensed laboratories—or in any laundry, food
service, power plant or technical service used by one of the above
[subsection 43(2)].”
Ref: Ontario Ministry of Labour 22

Fatality Story
November 1994 was the last month for the 19-year-old

male, Sean, in Brampton, Ontario.
It was only his third day on the job when he was pouring
highly flammable chemical from one ungrounded drum
to another.
The chemical in the drum suddenly exploded and ignited
and caused Sean to suffer from third degree burns.
Sean died the following day from third-degree burns.
Sean was not told what he was doing was dangerous and
necessary precautions are required.
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Discussion
 We have seen how equipment (fork truck) and chemicals (flammable

solvent) can cause fatalities or serious injuries.
 Can you think of some other workplace hazards?
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Workplace Hazards
Hazard is a potential source of danger that can result in death or injuries

when it is active.
Ergonomic Chemical
Psychosocial Biological
Physical Safety
High Risk
Activities
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Workplace Hazards – Ergonomics
This is a common type that occurs due to improper performance of

conducting work duties such as repetitive movement, lifting, sitting,
improper set up of work stations, etc.
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Workplace Hazards – Chemical Hazards
Any chemical source such as release of chemical materials with toxic

properties.
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Workplace Hazards – Psychosocial
Workplace violence, harassment,

stress, etc. are considered as
hazards with psychological
impacts on workers
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Workplace Hazards – Biological
Any biological source that may cause illnesses or other effects on the body
such as viruses, insects, animals, bacteria, plants, etc.
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Workplace Hazards – Physical Hazards
Hazards such as noise, radiation, high pressure or vacuum, etc are

considered as physical type of hazards.
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Workplace Hazards - Safety
Inappropriate machine guarding, slipping and tripping, breakdowns,

equipment malfunction are categorized as safety hazards in workplaces.
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Workplace Hazards - Safety
High risk activities are types of job that need special attention as in case of
an occurrence, the results may be fatal or serious injuries. They normally
need special training and/or permit.
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Ergonomic Hazards
• Ergonomic hazards occur when the type of

work, body positions and working
conditions put strain on the worker’s body.
• These damages may not be effective
immediately and can cause injuries over
the time.
• Short term injuries may result in muscle Ref: Training solutions. Em
powers, copyright @2010
pain and sore muscles however, the long
term exposure may cause serious health
problems.
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Ergonomic Hazards
• Examples of ergonomic Hazards are:

– Improperly adjusted workstations and
chairs
– Frequent lifting
– Poor posture
– Awkward movements such as shaking
legs, especially if they are repetitive
– Repeating the same movements over
and over
Ref: Training solutions. Em
– Using excessive force powers, copyright @2010
– Vibration
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Hazard Control – Ergonomic
• Preventive solutions
- Regardless of whether or not workers have reported
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD_ symptoms, or whether or not
they have filed WCB/WSIB claims, MSD prevention needs to be
a key part of a workplace health and safety program. MSD risk
factors should be handled like any other workplace hazard.
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Employers should:
• Advise and train workers about the MSD risk factors in their job
and in the workplace
• Encourage workers to participate in the health and safety
program through early reporting of MSD symptoms or concerns
• Identify and assess job related MSD risk factors
• Put in place controls to reduce workers’ exposure to MSD risk
factors, including design considerations
• Follow-up to make sure preventive measures are working
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What engineering designs would you consider to reduce MSDs?
Ref: Avoid MSDs at

work,
www.safework.co.uk
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• Designs as simple as the

raising cart in the figure,
can simply reduce the
risks of MSD.
• It is important to ensure
equipment maintenance
can be conducted in an
ergonomically friendly
way, without excessive
bending, reaching, etc.
Ref: Prevention of MSDs,
www.riskmanagement365.com
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Chemical Hazards
• Chemical hazards in the workplaces will vary

by the type of industry.
• Some most common hazards at workplaces
are:
• Liquids like cleaning products, paints,
acids, solvents especially chemicals in an
unlabeled container (warning sign!)
• Vapors and fumes, for instance those
that come from welding or exposure to
solvents
• Gases like acetylene, propane, carbon
monoxide and helium
• Flammable materials like gasoline,
solvents and explosive chemicals.
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Chemical Hazards – Carbon Monoxide
• Carbon monoxide
– Carbon monoxide is a tasteless, odorless
and colorless gas that is highly toxic to
humans.
• Locations
– This hazard may occur while breathing from
an air compressor source.
– The air compressor contains air lubricants
that may break down in high temperature Signs of carbon monoxide
and produce carbon monoxide. poisoning
– In some cases, the exhaust air of a diesel Ref: “Hogg Mechanical

engine or any nearby source might enter the Industry” , Carbon Monoxide
Poisoning.
compressor.
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Hazard Control – Carbon Monoxide
• Precautions
– The compressor must be connected to clean outdoor source for
the intake air. The compressor must be used and maintained
according to the manufacturer's instructions.
– Ensure that whenever potential sources of CO are introduced
(diesel fork trucks, generators, furnaces, natural gas dryers, etc. )
that the design accounts for the potential of these fuel burning
devices to accumulate CO and adequate ventilation is provided.
– The carbon monoxide level must be monitored using detectors.
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Chemical Hazards – Asbestos
• Asbestos is a naturally occurring silicate mineral that can be separated

into fibers considered to be a health hazard.
• Location
– Asbestos may be found in these building locations:
• Corrugated roof panels that have substances of asbestos
cement
• Some paints and textured coatings
• Fire protection and structural steel
• Pipes, water tanks and gutters
• Insulations - thermal and acoustic
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Hazard Control – Asbestos
• Precautions
- Ensure that all asbestos containing materials are identified and
workers are informed
- Remediation must be done by qualified workers
- Testing must be conducted to confirm the presence or absence of
asbestos prior to disturbing the area. This is a regulatory
requirement in the Ontario construction regulations.
- Proper PPE such as protective clothing (chemical suits, gloves,
hoods, respirators, etc.) must be available.
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Chemical Hazards – Compressed Gases
•Compressed gases
–There are many products available as compressed gases that
contain gases and mixture of gases in a pressure cylinder.
•There are three forms of compressed gases:
–Dissolved
–Liquefied
–Non-liquefied
•Dissolved
–The most common gas for this type is acetylene which is
known to be a very unstable gas in terms of its properties.
–Acetylene can be exploded even at atmospheric pressure.
Therefore it is normally used and stored in high pressure gas
cylinders.
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• Liquefied
– For liquefied, initially the cylinder is almost full of liquid, and gas
fills the space above the liquid. As gas is removed from the
cylinder, enough liquid evaporates to replace it, keeping the
pressure in the cylinder constant. Anhydrous ammonia, chlorine,
propane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide are examples of
liquefied gases.
– Health hazards of compressed gasses, in some gas species, the
contact between the skin or eye and liquefied gases in liquid
form can freeze the tissue and result in a burn-like injury.
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• Non-liquefied
– Gases such as oxygen and nitrogen that do not become liquid at
normal temperature are non-liquefied compressed gases.
• Pressure hazards of compressed gases
– Due to the high pressure of the cylinder, the gas can be released
quickly by either opening the valve or due to a broken valve.
– This might even occur at lower pressure as well.
• Health hazards
– Health hazards associated with compressed gasses can vary
depending on the gas type, area of exposure (eye, skin,
inhalation, etc.), concentration and the length of exposure.
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• Flammable gasses
– Flammable gasses can burn and explode in some certain
conditions.
– Generally, the concentration of gas in air must be lower than its
flammable range to be safe from any incidents.
– For gasses within the flammable range, any ignition source in
workplace such as open flame, a spark and even hot surfaces
can result in tragedy.
– In some cases, there is no need of any ignition source as auto-
ignition temperate of a gas can be minimum when the gas self-
ignites itself.
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- It is highly recommended that the area

with compressed gasses is away from any
ignition source or the flammable range and
concentration of the gas is monitored.
- Some gases have very low auto-ignition
temperatures. For example, phosphine's
auto-ignition temperature of 100°C (212°F)
is low enough that it could be ignited by a
steam pipe or a lit light bulb. Some
compressed gases, such as silane and
diborane, are pyrophoric - they can ignite
spontaneously in air.
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– Flash-back can occur with

flammable gases. Many flammable
compressed gases are heavier than
air.
– If a cylinder leaks in a poorly
ventilated area, these gases can
settle and collect in sewers, pits,
trenches, basements or other low
areas. The gas trail can spread far
from the cylinder. If the gas trail
contacts an ignition source, the fire
produced can flash back to the
cylinder.
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• Oxidizing gasses
– Oxidizing gases include any gases containing oxygen at higher
than atmospheric concentrations (above 23-25 percent),
nitrogen oxides, and halogen gases such as chlorine and fluorine.
– These gases can react rapidly and fatally with the following
gasses:
• Organic (carbon-containing) substances such as most
flammable gases, flammable and combustible liquids, oils,
greases, many plastics and fabrics
• Finely-divided metals
• Other oxidizable substances such as hydrazine, hydrogen,
hydrides, sulphur or sulphur compounds, silicon and
ammonia or ammonia compounds
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• Dangerously reactive gasses

– Some pure compressed gases are chemically
unstable and in case of exposure to a minimal
temperature and/or pressure increase, they may
go through some chemical reactions.
– There is a high possibility that these reactions will
result in explosion and other dangerous hazards
such as chemical substance.
– Some of the common dangerously reactive gases
are acetylene, 1,3-butadiene, methyl acetylene,
vinyl chloride, tetrafluoroethylene and vinyl
fluoride.
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• Corrosive materials
– Corrosive materials can attack the body with a single
touch by destroying the skin layers.
– They immediately show their effects after exposure.
– They might be hazardous in other ways too, depending
on the particular corrosive material.
– Acids and bases are considered the very commonly
known corrosive materials.
– Common acids include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid,
nitric acid, chromic acid, acetic acid and hydrofluoric acid.
– Common bases are ammonium hydroxide, potassium
hydroxide (caustic potash) and sodium hydroxide (caustic
soda).
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Chemical Hazards – Organic Peroxide
• Organic peroxide
– An organic peroxide is any carbon containing organic material
with two oxygen atoms compounded.
– Organic peroxides can be severe fire and explosion hazards.
• Hazards
– The main hazard related to organic peroxides are fire and
explosion.
– Organic peroxides may also be toxic or corrosive.
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– The amount of exposure, the area of exposure and type of exposure

are playing important roles in determining a possible body harm.
– Corrosive organic peroxides can also attack and destroy metals.
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• Organic peroxide
– Usage
• Plastics and rubber industries are the main users of organic
peroxides.
• Organic peroxides and mixtures containing an organic peroxide
are used as accelerators, activators, catalysts, cross-linking
agents, curing agents, hardeners, initiators and promoters.
• It is important to take the necessary steps to know the materials
being used as accelerators, activators, catalysts, etc. for the
workers in that sector.
• Using the terms such as accelerators, activators, catalysts, etc.
may cause confusion about the hazardous level and serious
accidents may occur.
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Chemical Hazards – Toxic Materials
• Toxic materials
– Toxic materials are dangerous and most likely to be around the
workplace area.
– There are many ways of toxic materials entering the body:
• Skin contact
• Inhalation
• Non-hygienic practices
– Toxic materials can cause serious health effects in an exposed
individual.
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The degree of hazard

associated with any toxic
material is related to the
exact material the person
is exposed to,
concentration of the
material, the route into
the body and the amount
absorbed by the body.
Ref: Hazardous materials, palm beach county,
www.pbcgov.com
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• Toxic materials are classified as

they are shown in the table.
• WHMIS categorizes toxic
materials in two divisions:
– Division 1: Materials
causing immediate and
serious toxic effects (top
symbol)
– Division 2: Materials
causing other toxic effects
(bottom symbol)
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Ref: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, copyright 1997-2014, www.ccohs.ca
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Ref: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, copyright 1997-2014, www.ccohs.ca
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Hazard Control – Chemical
• General tips for chemical safety

– Always read the label on the chemical bottle.
– Always follow the directions and precautions listed on the label.
– Never use a chemical if you are unsure what it is or how to protect
yourself.
– Always take the time to protect yourself and those working around
you.
– Always dispose of a chemical properly. Every municipality has a
household hazardous waste drop-off location. For safe disposal of
chemical products at work, contact your health and safety
representative.
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Hazard Control – Chemical
• Controlling chemical hazards in the workplace

– Reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous chemicals
whenever possible.
– Maintain adequate ventilation systems to reduce
concentrations of airborne chemicals.
– Practicing good personal hygiene (e.g. washing hands) and
maintaining regular workplace cleaning routines can reduce
the amount of a chemical substance that is absorbed by a
worker’s body. Learn how to avoid carrying hazardous
substances home.
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Psychosocial Hazards
• Psychosocial hazards are hazards that impact the mental state of

workers.
• Violence, stress, and harassment are examples of this type of
workplace hazard.
• Regulations have been enacted in recent years to protect workers
from these hazards in the workplace. For example, most Canadian
jurisdictions now have a requirement for employers to have
workplace violence policy in place.
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Hazard Control - Psychosocial
• Preventive solutions
– Implementing collective risk assessment and management measures,
as it is done with other workplace hazards
– Adopting collective and individual preventive and control measures
– Increasing the coping ability of workers by increasing their control
over their tasks
– Improving organizational communication
– Allowing workers’ participation in decision making
– Building up social support systems for workers within the workplace
– Taking into account the interaction between working and living
conditions
– Enhancing the value placed on safety and health within the
organization
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Reckless Endangerment
- Definition: Reckless endangerment consists of

acts that create a substantial risk of serious
physical injury to another person. The accused
person isn't required to intend the resulting or
potential harm, but must have acted in a way
that showed a disregard for the foreseeable
consequences of the actions.
- Ontario Workplace Violence -
“Worker must not engage in any prank,
contest, feet of strength, unnecessary running
or rough and boisterous conduct.”
[section 28(2)(d)]
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Biological Hazards
• Biological hazards are also known as biohazards.

Any biological source of danger such as viruses,
insects, etc. that can cause harm to the health of
living organism is considered as a biohazard.
• Workplace diseases are also biohazards and using
administrative hazard control methods such as
workplace and employee hygiene, this hazard can
be avoided.
• Employees who experience any symptoms of body
abnormality should immediately report and be
treated.
• Bio hazards are everywhere in the working
environment and there is no certain area. Therefore,
workers need to be aware and always take personal
and workplace hygiene seriously.
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Biological Hazards - Examples
Disease Symptoms Preventions

Clostridium difficile: Fever Educate workers
This is a bacterium associated with Nausea Hygiene practices in accordance to
diarrhea and intestinal Abdominal pain safety culture
inflammation. Normally affected Loss of appetite Appropriate protective clothing
by people who have other Watery diarrhea
conditions.
Common cold: Laryngitis (inflammation of the Wash hands frequently
This is an infection of upper larynx) Take fresh air every once in a while
respiratory tract, the nose, nasal Worsening of asthma Stay out of contact of other people
passages and the throat. Ear infection Use common cold consumer
Bronchitis (inflammation of the tablets
bronchial membranes)
Indoor air quality – Moulds and Eye, nose and throat irritation Vent showers and moisture
Fungi: Fatigue generating
This micro-organism generated Aggravation of asthma Humidity control and
from breakdown of leaves, wood Headaches dehumidifiers
and other plants can enter a Concentration difficulty Exhaust fans when cooking or
building through air and they can Cough washing
grow on wood and/or drywall. Immediate flood or spill cleaning
Rapid stain removal of carpets
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Hepatitis A: Fever Educate workers
This is a liver infectious disease Tiredness Hygiene practices in accordance to
caused by the hepatitis A virus Loss of appetite safety culture
(HAV). Nausea Appropriate protective clothing
Adnominal pain
Dark urine
Hepatitis B: Mild symptoms such as general Hepatitis A preventions plus:

This is a liver infectious disease discomfort Safe collection of fluids and tissues
caused by the hepatitis B virus Joint pain for disposal
(HBV). Abdominal pain Safe removal and disposal of
fatigue protective clothing
Detailed observation of using
sharp objects
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Hepatitis C: Fever Safe collection of fluids and
This is a liver infectious disease Nausea and vomiting tissues for disposal
caused by the hepatitis B virus Stomach pain Safe removal and disposal of
(HBV). Extreme fatigue protective clothing
Skin yellowing Detailed observation of using
sharp objects
Influenza: Fever Flu vaccines

Caused by viruses that infect the Cough Canadian national advisory
respiratory tact including nose, Sore throat committee recommends flu shots
throat and lungs. Runny nose for people over six months old.
Headache
fatigue
Hepatitis A: Fever Educate workers

This is a liver infectious disease Tiredness Hygiene practices in accordance to
caused by the hepatitis A virus Loss of appetite safety culture
(HAV). Nausea Appropriate protective clothing
Adnominal pain
Dark urine
69
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Physical Hazards
– Physical hazards are type of hazards that do not

necessarily need any contact with the source and
it can easily harm the body whether long term
effects or instant damage.
– Some common physical hazards at workplace
include but not limited to:
• Noise
• Electrical
• Manual Labor
70
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Hazard Control – Noise
• Dependant on the context and conditions, but may include for

example:
– Eliminate the source of the noise where possible
– Find alternative, quieter equipment to use
– Insulate worker areas from noise producing machines
– Reduce the amount of time spent in a high noise environment
– Provide hearing protection
– Provide hearing tests for workers to establish any loss of hearing
attributable to work
71
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Hazard Control – Electrical
• Dependant on the context and conditions, but may include for

example:
– Ensure only appropriately licensed or registered electricians
carry out electrical work
– Switch off electricity where possible before working on
equipment
– Ensure electrical equipment is in good working order (testing
and tagging)
– Use battery operated tools rather than mains power tools
where possible
– Meet electrical safety standards
72
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Hazard Control – Manual Labor
•Dependant on the context and conditions, but may include for example:
–Assess your workplace / workstation and identify risks or possible
contributing factors
–Is the task necessary?
–Provide specialist equipment to assist in lifting/ carrying / moving people
or objects
–Carry smaller loads
–Take breaks from repetitive work or introduce variation to the work
–Plan work to avoid the need to lift/carry / move objects when your body
is fatigued
–Lower levels of stress. Tension in muscles long term can lead to injury
73
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
General Safety Hazards
There are many possible safety

hazards that are categorized as
general safety hazards, such as
working at heights, machine
pinch points and electrical
shock.
74
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
• Safety hazards are known as general classification of hazards.

• These hazards consist of mechanical and human error hazards.
• For instance, slipping and tripping are considered safety hazards.
Loss of concentration during walking and accidentally touching
running equipment is also an example of a human error safety
hazard.
75
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
• Improper machinery
guarding is an example of a
mechanical hazard.
• Equipment should be
designed so that no part of a
worker’s body (e.g. hands,
fingers, hair) can become
entangled in or touch
moving equipment.
76
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Hazard Control – Safety
Preventive solutions
• According to the Canada Labour Code, the preventive measures for
safety hazards are required by law.
Section 19.5:
• The employer shall, in order to address identified and assessed
hazards, including ergonomics-related hazards, take preventive
measures to address the assessed hazard in the following order of
priority:
– the elimination of the hazard, including by way of engineering
controls which may involve mechanical aids, equipment design
or redesign that take into account the physical attributes of the
employee
77
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
• As part of the preventive measures, the employer shall develop and

implement a preventive maintenance program in order to avoid
failures that could result in a hazard to employees.
• The employer shall ensure that any preventive measure shall not in
itself create a hazard and shall take into account the effects on the
work place.
• The preventive measures shall include steps to address:
– a newly identified hazard in an expeditious manner
– ergonomics-related hazards that are identified when planning
implementation of change to the work environment or to work
duties, equipment, practices or processes
• The employer shall ensure that any person assigned to implement
ergonomics-related prevention measures has the necessary instruction
and training. 78
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
• Certain hazards potentially pose such an elevated risk to workers,

that they are singled out. Many companies call procedures related
to these hazards “life saving rules” or “cardinal rules” as failure to
follow these rules may result in death or severe injury.
• These hazards are also generally covered in regulations.
• Life saving rules:
1. Lock, Tag, Clear, Try, Release
2. Vessel Entry (Confined Space Entry)
3. Line Breaks
4. Fall Protection
5. High Energy
6. Intentional overriding of safety or environmental interlocks
7. Reckless endangerment
8. Seat Belts and mobile phones
79
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Difference In Life Saving Rules From General Safety Rules
1.Failure to follow Life saving rules have a higher

potential to result in serious injury including death.
2.Life saving rules are often regulated. (i.e. LTCTR,

vessel entry, fall arrest, seat belts/ cell phones )
3.The response is generally more severe to violations

of life saving rules, often resulting in termination or
disciplinary action.
80
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
High Risk Activities
Introduction to high risk

activities
81
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
• Activities at work that are dangerous and need special training and/or
permit to perform, are referred as High Risk Activity (HRA).
• Depending on the job site, the activities may vary but some general
HRAs are:
• Driving
• Fall from heights
• High-Pressure cleaning
• Working with high temperature equipment
• Confined space
• Line breaks
• Suspended loads
• Powered industrial trucks
82
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Line Break
Line Break: Opening cleared or uncleared lines or equipment by actions

that may include, but are not limited to:
– Breaking flanges
– Removing one or more bolts from flanges
– Removing valve bonnets and non-return (i.e., check) valve caps
– Breaking pipe joints
– Disconnecting tubing
– Disconnecting loading and unloading process hoses
– Opening inspection ports
– Making subtle adjustments (e.g., replacing packing on a valve)
– Before conducting a line break on site, formal training must be
taken.
83
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Line Break
Consider performing line break on a pipe:

• Ensure piping has been shut down, isolated,
blocked and cleared per company’s safe
operation standards.
• Control all job related energy and/or flow
sources and lock out for the time the line
break is being performed.
• Ensure appropriate personal protective
equipment have been used.
• Log all actions performed with exact date
and time.
84
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Fall Protection
• In Canada over 42,000 workers get injured

annually due to fall accidents. This
number represents about 17% of the “lost
time injuries" that were accepted by
workers' compensation boards or
commissions across Canada (based on
statistics from Association of Workers'
Compensation Boards of Canada, 2011).
• All workers who use fall protection must
be trained.
• Where possible, processes should be
designed to eliminate or minimize
working from heights
85
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Fall Protection
• What is the difference

between fall restraint and fall
protection?
– Fall restraint is a system
that does not allow the
worker to get to the edge.
– Fall protection is required
when working at the edge
where no guard rail exists.
86
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Fall Protection
• In Ontario, ministry of labour requires

employees working in heights to have
special training.
• In addition to training, there are some
regulatory safety equipment needed
under O.Reg. 213/91.
• For construction for instance, these
equipment are:
– Fall restricting system
– Travel restraint system
– Fall arrest system
– Safety net
– Work/Safety belt
87
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Intentional Overriding of an Interlock
• Interlocks serve as important safety

devices in industrial settings, where they
protect employees from devices such as
extruders, blenders, cutters etc.
• While interlocks can be something as
sophisticated as curtains of infrared
beams and photo-detectors, they are
often just switches.
88
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Intentional Overriding of an Interlock
• Safety instrumented function (SIF)—also referred to as a PSM safety

interlock. A function with a specified Safety Interlock, performed by
an Safety Interlock System, that detects an out-of-limit (i.e.,
abnormal) condition or improper sequence and, without human
intervention, either halts further action to prevent the process from
entering an unsafe state or takes corrective action to bring the
process to a functionally safe state. The SIF protects against the
undesired consequence of a specific process hazardous event.
89
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
High Energy or Live Work
• High energy is defined as a high energy

circuit or device which when faulted can
generate enough energy to create a fireball
that will cause cell death by causing skin
temperature to rise to at least 205ºF in 0.1
seconds (6 cycles)- 2nd degree burns. A high
energy device is any device with a supply of
600 V, 200amp, and fed from a 750 KVA
transformer or higher.
• Only qualified electrical personnel may
attempt any high energy switching
• High energy work is any work with voltage
above 50V
90
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Drivers – Use of Cellphone
• Ontario's ban on hand-held devices

while driving took effect on October
26, 2009.
• The law makes it illegal for drivers to
talk, text, type, dial or email using
hand-held cell phones and other hand-
held communications and
entertainment devices. The law also
prohibits drivers from viewing display
screens unrelated to the driving task,
such as laptops or DVD players, while
driving.
91
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Drivers – Seat Belt
• Today 93% of Canadians use their seat

belts. Each percentage increase in the
national seat belt wearing rate has
helped to reduce the number of motor
vehicle fatalities.
• The 7% of Canadians not wearing seat
belts account for almost 40% of fatalities
in vehicle collisions. Ensure that you
wear your seat belt properly, and that
everyone else in your vehicle is
protected by a seat belt or child
restraint.
• Seat belts save about 1,000 lives a year
in Canada.
92
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Confined Space
Definition of confined space:

1) It is large enough to allow full-body
entry.
2) It has a restricted means of entry and
exit.
3) It is not designed for continuous
human occupancy.
93
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Confined Space
• Many workers are injured and killed

each year while working in confined
spaces. An estimated 60% of the
fatalities have been among the would-
be rescuers.
• All workers who enter a confined
space or who perform related work,
must be trained.
94
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Confined Space
• According to Ontario’s ministry of labour, the confined space is

regulated due to atmospheric hazards that may occur.
• The atmospheric hazards are:
• The accumulation of flammable, combustible or explosive agents,
• An oxygen content in the atmosphere that is less than 19.5 per
cent or more than 23 per cent by volume, or
• The accumulation of atmospheric contaminants, including gases,
vapours, fumes, dusts or mists, that could,
• Result in acute health effects that pose an immediate threat to
life, or
• Interfere with a person's ability to escape unaided from a
confined space.
Ref: Ontario Ministry of Labour 95

Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
For more details about high risk activities, please

visit the following website:
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/wor
kingalone.html
96
Quiz I
Section
Section
1) 44 –– Qualitative
INJURIES CAUSED Risk
Risk Analysis Assessment
Methods
BY REPEATING THE SAME MOVEMENT CONTINUOUSLY ARE A TYPE
OF …
A) PHYSICAL HAZARD
B) ERGONOMIC HAZARD
C) BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
D) SAFETY HAZARD
2) FLASH-BACK OCCURE WITH:
A) FLAMMABLE GASES
B) CARBON MONOXIDE
C) ASBESTOS
D) CORROSIVE MATERIALS
3) CHEMICAL PRODUCT CONTAINERS CAN BE DISPOSED IN ANY BIN.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
97
Quiz I
4) EMPLOYEES ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR DOING WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?

A) FOLLOWING SAFETY RULES
B) SUPERVISING CO-WORKERS
C) REPORTING HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
D) USING PPE
5) WHICH TYPE OF HAZARD IS MOST COMMON IN THE WORKPLACE?
A) CHEMICAL HAZARDS
B) BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
C) PHYSICAL HAZARDS
D) PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
6) NAME THE 3 SOURCES TO CAUSE FIRE OR EXPLOSION.
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________
7) WHAT ARE THE 3 DEFINITIONS OF CONFINED SPACE?
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________
98
Quiz I
8) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FALL RESTRAINT AND FALL PROTECTION?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
99
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Hazard Identification and Control
– Hazards at workplaces must be managed and controlled using

appropriate methods.
– In Canada, hazard control is under provincial Occupational Health and
Safety regulations or the federal Canada Labour Code, which clearly
state that all the necessary precautions have to be taken to protect
workers at workplaces.
– The law also states that all the necessary information must be clearly
stated and available for workers that are operating different tools and
equipment.
– Any potential source of danger at workplaces should be identified and
treated as a hazard. Therefore necessary precautions must be applied.
100
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
How to identify and Define the

hazard
control hazards:
This diagram shows List the

how a potential Review possible
harms
hazard can be
controlled before
causing any harm.
Apply State
controllin controllin
g methods g options
101
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
The methods for controlling

hazards are as follow:
• Elimination or
substitution
• Engineering controls
• Administrative controls
• Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
102
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Hierarchy of Safety Controls or “Safeguards
Most Effective Elimination or substitution Most Expensive
Engineering Controls
Warnings
Administrative Controls
Personal Protective Least Expensive

Least Effective
Equipment
103
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Hierarchy of Safety Controls or “Safeguards
Most Effective Elimination or substitution Most Expensive

These rely on people!
Warnings
Personal Protective Least Expensive

Least Effective
Equipment
104
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Let’s look at examples of some of these

controls
105
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Elimination or Substitution
• Elimination is the most effective risk control method as the hazard will
permanently be removed from the job site.
• However, some hazardous materials are key components to the
operation of that facility and cannot be eliminated
106
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Elimination or Substitution
• Therefore, an alternate solution may be substitution of a less hazardous

material. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS)
uses the following example as suggestions for substitution of some
chemicals.
107
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
• Engineering controls are one of the most reliable methods of

controlling hazardous materials and/or operations.
• It is simply an engineering design that has all the safety features to
protect the workers and the working environment from hazards.
• There three types of engineering control method:
– Ventilation
– Process control
– Enclosure and/or isolation of the emission source
• Engineering designs are playing an important role in controlling
chemical hazards as there are designated engineered stations for
testing, controlling the process and storing some highly hazardous
chemicals.
108
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
• As an engineer, some of your main working ethics should be:

• Making products safe for all those in using environment
• Value human life more than money
• Have courage to admit your mistakes
• Point out all the problems you find in your design
• It is important to ensure that all the actions you take as an engineer
are well within the occupational health and safety act.
• Not only that, you should consider yourself as one of the
responsible health and safety represents towards your design.
109
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
The following list is some of the responsibilities that a safety engineer has:
• Research and interpret safety standards.
• Handle effective Industrial Hygiene Program.
• Support individual facilities to execute strategic initiatives to reach and
sustain world class safety processes.
• Assess risk on safety and ergonomics.
• Evaluate facility procedures to determine conditions needing
enhancement.
• Create, enhance and maintain company safety programs, training and
reports.
• Lead safety project and manage risk execution using project
management skills.
110
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Engineering Controls– Safety engineer responsibilities
• Oversee facility and processes to adhere to OHSA and corporate

guidelines.
• Suggest measures to minimize or eliminate industrial accidents and
health hazards.
• Develop, execute and handle occupational safety and health
procedures.
• Develop and review safety procedures.
• Extend field support and support during normal operations and
maintenance shut down.
• Audit, investigate accident and analyze root causes and take corrective
action.
• Guide for kaizen and small group safety projects and assist
Environmental Health and Safety (ISO) activities.
111
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Engineering Controls – Ventilation
• Ventilation can eliminate or reduce released gases, debris, etc. by

clearing the contaminated air and replacing it with clean air in the
working environment.
• Ventilation is extremely adaptable and applicable to most chemicals and
operations and has the ability to quickly remove the contaminated air
from work environments.
• Engineered ventilation systems can be readily accessible at the
designated work stations and the workers can control the system while
working.
112
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
This image shows a practical

example of a flexible ventilation
system. This picture was taken
at DuPont Canada, Kingston,
ON facility.
113
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
• The hood, located at the face of the vent, helps capture and remove
contaminants from the area.
• The ductwork moves the air to a rooftop vent or cleaning device, such as
a thermal oxidizer or absorber, that may be engineered into the system.
• In some cases, there is an exhaust fan on top instead of a cleaning
device.
• The exhaust fan must overcome all the losses due to friction, hood entry
and fittings in the system to produce the intended flow.
• Air cleaning devices are important as they clean the air from any
particles, gasses, vapours, etc. and protect the surrounding environment
by sending clean air to the exhausts.
• These ventilation devices generally require provincial air discharge
permits.
114
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Engineering Controls – Process Control
• Process control is monitoring a process carefully using engineering

devices to ensure all the safety considerations are taken into account
and the process will not be hazardous to the workers.
• Process management of change for the facilities as well as the
technology are important tools to reduce hazards.
• For instance, using water for grinding and drilling can improve the safety,
as the friction force between the equipment and work surface reduces,
therefore the equipment will not heat up and sparks are less likely to be
generated.
• Using electric motors rather than diesel ones is environmentally friendly
and eliminates diesel emissions.
• Using mechanical equipment rather than manual methods for
transportation can eliminate ergonomic and other safety hazards.
115
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Engineering Controls – Enclosure or Isolation
• Enclosing hazards will help protect workers from the hazards.

• For example, reactive chemicals that were recently used in the workplace
could still be reactive and pose a hazard if not properly enclosed and
controlled. Isolating the work area is an effective means of controlling
the hazard.
• The use of ventilation tools such as fume hoods, elephant trunks, and
ventilated enclosures which are close to work stations and/or throughout
the job site provides a means of reducing risk of exposure to chemicals
116
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Engineering Controls Examples
An example of An example of An example of

engineering design for engineering design for engineering design
process control and potential leaking for lock out
ventilation chemicals
117
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Hazard Control
Let’s move on to “Administrative Controls”
118
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
• Examples of administrative controls are:

– Education and training
– Work practices and safety culture concept
– Personal and facility hygiene
– Emergency response and preparedness
119
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
• Can help protect workers by:

• setting boundaries to work stations
• providing specific rules and guidelines
• setting time limits for working around hazardous
areas
• ensuring the personal protective devices are at the
workers disposal are examples of administrative
controls.
• Another effective administrative control is posting signs
visible to workers at the entrance of each room to identify
hazards and the required Personal Protection Equipment
(PPE). This way, workers will be informed about the
possible dangers and how the danger can be prevented.
120
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Administrative Controls – Education and Training
• There are various ways for an employer to provide education and training to
raise awareness of occupational health and safety hazards and issues:
• Hands-on training in an operating area
• Classroom instruction
• Regular safety meetings, daily, weekly or monthly
• Email or posting printed material concerning are forms of educating
workers under administrative control.
• It is important to verify the effectiveness of the training by testing or quizzing
the workers about the health and safety at the workplace. This ensures the
workers understand the training.
• Safety education may also contain information on emergency response, to
ensure proper response/rescue and prevent additional injuries or fatalities.
• If a location cannot provide on site emergency response, arrangements with
trained professionals can be made.
121
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Administrative Controls – Work Practices and Safety Culture Concept
• Generating rules and regulations in regards

to safe operation of workplace equipment is
the main objective of work practices or
performance control.
• Proper maintenance and test schedules for
equipment is also important to ensure safe
operation.
• By creating a safe work practice
environment, the safety culture will be more
Ref: Sign media, free sign, UK
effective and the workers will follow the
safety culture.
122
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Administrative Controls – Personal and Facility Hygiene
• Poor industrial hygiene in the workplaces raises the potential for

occupational injury and illness.
• Using administrative controls, such as housekeeping protocols and safe
handling procedures, the employers can provide a clean working
environment that helps remind the employees of the importance of a
good safety culture, and operating discipline.
• Good operational discipline will positively impact production and
quality as well.
• It is also important to use administrative signs and isolate contaminated
areas to ensure safety of workers.
• PPE must also be kept clean and in good repair.
123
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Administrative Controls – Emergency Response and Preparedness
• Some facilities may have trained emergency crew on site to handle

specific hazardous occurrences at work; however, all workers must be
aware of the basic emergency responses to be prepared in emergency
situations.
• Emergency responders may also be exposed to bodily fluids such as
vomit or blood which contain pathogens.
• In an emergency, the situation can be controlled until emergency crews
arrive at site. Also, workers will keep themselves safe from the hazards.
124
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Administrative Controls – Emergency Response and Preparedness
• Ensuring that trained First aid and CPR

resources are available with training
updated at appropriate intervals helps
ensure the quality of response.
• Having an emergency preparedness
checklist, helps remind workers about
potential concerns and how to respond in
case of emergencies. Ref: Sign media, free sign,
UK
125
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Lock, Tag, Clear, Try, Release (Lockout/Tagout)
• Every year in Canada, workers are

injured or killed because equipment,
machinery or processes were not
properly locked out.
• Lockout is used during operations
such as maintenance, repair, cleaning
and replacement of machinery,
during which normal control
measures may not be working, and
new hazards may occur.
126
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Let’s study the two very detailed

administrative hazard control systems
127
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Administrative Controls – WHMIS
• WHMIS is a nationwide system

developed to provide information on
hazardous materials at workplaces. This
system has been in effect in Canada since
1988.
• WHMIS also brings a classification system
to list all the materials within the
workplace in a data sheet.
• MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) is
what required by WHMIS to be present in
workplaces working with hazardous
materials.
• Currently Canadian WHMIS requires 9
sections for MSDS.
128
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Administrative Controls – GHS (WHMIS 2.0)
• WHMIS regulations in Canada were modified

in July 2015 to include the requirements of
the Globally Harmonized System (GHS).
• GHS is a system of classification and labeling
of the hazards.
• It communicates health and safety on labels
and safety data sheets (SDS) with a goal of
harmonizing the hazard classification and
labeling system globally.
• GHS was developed by an international
group of health and safety experts.
129
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Administrative Controls – WHMIS (Controlled Products)
• Controlled products are materials that are regulated by WHMIS to be

listed as hazardous materials.
• Controlled substances fall into one or more categories of the 6 WHMIS
categories.
• WHMIS intends to raise awareness for all the workers working with
controlled products to be aware of the danger and wear the
appropriate Personal Protection Equipment (PPE).
• WHMIS training is MANDATORY for all the workers working with
chemicals.
130
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Administrative Controls – WHMIS Symbols
131
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Administrative Controls – WHMIS Labeling
Ref: Ontario ministry of labor

132
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Administrative Controls – GHS Labeling
Ref: OSHA, Government of USA 133

Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Administrative Controls – WHMIS Symbols Vs. GHS Pictograms
Ref: DuPont, WHMIS and WHMIS 2.0 134

Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• PPE is considered the last line of defense from

a hazard and an important part of hazard
control.
• Some types of PPE are chemical protective
clothing, hard hats, safety shoes, respiratory
equipment, gloves, etc.
• Part of administration control is managing the
information about PPE for every hazard within
the facility.
• It is important for every worker to know the
selection process for PPE.
135
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
PPE Selection Process
1. Identify hazards within the work area

2. Identify the possible harms may be resulted from those hazards
3. Select the appropriate PPE
4. Ensure proper fit of the PPE
136
Quiz II
Section
1)
Section 44 –– ISBowtie
WHICH ONE Analysis
NOT AAnalysis
Risk METHOD OFMethods
HAZARD CONTROL?
A. PROCESS CONTROL
B. DIRECT SUPERVISION
C. EDUCATION AND TRAINING
D. VENTILATION
2) WHEN IT COMES TO HAZARD CONTROL, WHAT COMES FIRST AS THE REQUIRED METHOD BASED ON
THE HIERARCHY?
A. PPE
B. ENGINEERING CONTROLS
C. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
D. ELIMINATION
3) WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A METHOD OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL?
A. PROCESS CONTROL
B. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
C. SIGNS AND INFORMATIVE LABELS
D. SAFETY CULTURE
4) WHAT DOES PPE STAND FOR?
A. PERSONAL PREPAREDNESS EVALUATION
B. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
C. PERSONAL PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT
D. PERSONAL POWERED EQUIPMENT 137
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Decision Making
Decision making
1. Identify problem or opportunity
2. Collect information
3. Analyze the situation
4. Develop options
5. Evaluate the options and alternatives
6. Make a selection
7. Implement the decision
138
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Decision Making
• As this seems to be a natural instinct for people to make decisions on a daily

basis; however, there is a science behind making an educated decision to
minimize the risks.
• These 7 steps are recommended for making an educated decision
1. Identify a problem or opportunity
• Recognizing a problem and identifying whether the problem is worthwhile
to be solved is the first step.
• What should be focused is the reality behind the issue and one can consider
whether the decision can satisfy questions such as:
• Will it make a difference?
• How worthwhile will it be?
2. Collect as much as information as possible
• What needs to be known before making a decision is very important.
• Also, seeking help from people working in that area for their knowledge is
beneficial. 139
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Decision Making

– Define the available alternative actions.
– Analyze whether the situation can be controlled by those
alternatives.
4. Develop options
– Develop several possible options for the situation.
– For each option, one can ask “what if” questions to determine the
options are sufficient enough.
– Evaluate feasibility, acceptability and desirability.
– Determine the best alternative that will achieving the objective
140
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Decision Making
6. Make a selection
– Select the proffered alternative
– Determine if there might be any
problems it create.
7. Implement the decision
– After careful consideration and
following the necessary steps, act on
the decision.
– Reconsider the allocated resources for
implementation and make sure this is
accepted and supported by colleagues.
141
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Decision Making Matrix
•In this table the options and objectives are listed. Based on the each
objective, an option will be rated to determine the overall level of
importance.
•For instance, considering an equipment change in a factory, the employee
responsible to make an educated decisions can consider the following
objectives:
–Cost
–Safety
–Durability
–Adaptability/trainability
–Overall effectiveness
•Please note that the objectives may vary based on the employer’s decision or
other factors.
142
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Let’s say your employer asked you to choose the best option for an old
equipment replacement; How would you rate the objectives?
Cost Safety Durability Effectiveness Total
Option 1: Do not
change
Option 2: Brand new

purchase
Option 3: Used
purchase
143
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Cost Safety Durability Effectiveness Total
Option 1: Do not 10 2 1 1 14
change
Option 2: Brand new 3 10 10 7 30

purchase
Option 3: Used 5 7 6 4 22
purchase
• The rating in this example shows that buying a brand new equipment might be a
better option.
• In order to get more accurate results, it is strongly recommended to weigh each
objective. For instance, safety always comes first and must have the highest
weight. Therefore, the rate of the option can be multiplied by the weight.
144
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Considering the example below with the following rates of cost (8), Safety
(10), Durability (8) and Effectiveness (7):
Cost Safety Durability Effectiveness
Option 1: Do not change 10 2 1 1
Option 2: Brand new 3 10 10 7

purchase
Option 3: Used purchase 5 7 6 4
Then the result for option 2 will be as follow:

(3 x 8) + (10 x 10) + (10 x 8) + ( 7 x 7) = 253
145
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Risk Assessment
• One of the most critical processes to prevent tragedies is risk

assessment where:
1. The hazard will be identified.
2. The risk associated with that hazard will be evaluated.
3. The appropriate solutions will be determined to whether control
or eliminate the hazard.
• Anything at workplace that may cause harm, particularly to people
should be identified as a hazard and the risk assessment should be
conducted to control or eliminate.
146
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Risk Assessment
• Risk assessment is beneficial as it helps to:

– Identify who might be at risk (employees, staff, visitors,
contractors, etc.)
– Prioritize hazards and control measures
– Determine of adequacy of existing control measures
– Prevent injuries or illnesses
– Create awareness and inform people of the existing risks
147
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Risk Assessment
• Risk assessment aims to remove a hazard or reduce the level of the

risk to an acceptable level.
• The assessment should consider all equipment as well as employees
• A risk assessment matrix is one of the very effective methods to
determine the level of severity of the risk.
• Below are some of the components that should be taken into account
for conducting risk assessment.
– Identification of hazards
– Consideration of different circumstances such as power outage,
shutdowns, emergencies and normal operational situations
– Evaluation and monitoring of the risk to ensure it is under control
148
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Risk Assessment
– Evaluation of likelihood and

severity of the injury or illness
– Reviewing all the available health Identify
and safety information about the
hazard such as MSDSs,
manufacturers literature, results
of testing, etc. Review Evaluate
– Keeping any necessary
documentation or records that
include the detailed risk
assessment technique outlining Control
evaluation details and
conclusions.
149
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Risk Assessment
• Below is a summarized version of hazard identification process:

– Conduct a research of past incidents including their severity and any
harm or damage resulted
– Consider all the people helping the workplace to operate
(employees, drivers, cleaners, etc.)
– Include non-routine activities such as maintenance or repair
– Overlook the possible impacts of the hazards as well as the
foreseeable unseal conditions
– Include risk assessment for the visitors and the public
– Ensure the risk assessment accounts for new and less experienced
people
150
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Risk Assessment
• Each hazard should be studied individually to determine the

possible and the level of the risks it may cause. The following
methods are recommended to study a hazard:
– Product information issued by the manufacturer
– Facts about that product and past experiences
– Information from trustworthy sources and organizations
– Reviewing MSDS/SDS and manufacturer documentation
– Help from occupational health and safety professionals
– Test results of the hazardous materials or equipment
– Previous injury information
151
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Risk Assessment
• The following factors are important to contribute to the level of risk:

– The work environment
– The system being used
– The range of foreseeable conditions
– The capability, skill and experience of the workers
152
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Risk Assessment
• In order to determine the severity of the hazards, they should be ranked and
prioritized. It is important to consider personnel exposure to the hazard first
and treat this as a priority. Below are recommended for ranking and
prioritizing:
– Percentage of workforce exposed
– Degree of harm
– Probability of the occurrence
– Frequency of exposure
• The above are helpful but not limited. There is no simple one way to
understand the importance of the risks caused by hazards.
• Risk assessment matrix is a very effective method to determine the risks of
hazards.
• The matrix is in form of a table that basically determines the likelihood and the
severity of the hazards
153
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Risk Assessment Matrix
• The following terms are used to define the likelihood of harm:

– Very Likely
• This is the most frequent likeliness of the occurrence. For
instance, if a worker is exposed to the hazard on every work
shift, it is very likely to harm more people
– Likely
• This level could indicate a typical exposure of once a year
– Unlikely
• This indicates the very low percentage of the exposure;
normally once in a lifetime.
154
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
– Very Unlikely
• This is the least risk level
and it is normally an
educated assessment of a
chance of exposure of 1%
by an individual in their
working lifetime.
Ref: Pamikan, Risk assessment
155
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Definition for severity of harm

When the potential severity of harm needs to be established, consider
the following:
1. Part(s) of the body likely to be affected.
2. Nature of the harm:
 Slightly harmful
 First Aid Treatment - Minor cuts, scratches, eye irritation
from dust, etc.
 Harmful
 Medical Treatment - Burns, concussion, minor fractures,
etc.
 Extremely harmful
 Lost or Restricted Work - Major fractures, poisoning, fatal
injuries, etc. 156
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Definition of risk level

– Very high
• These risks are unacceptable and are need of immediate
attention and control measures. In most cases these risks are
controlled for the workplace lifetime.
– High
• Substantial efforts must be made to reduce the risk and
eliminate any possible harm it may cause. These risks are also
in need of proper control measures.
– Medium
• Careful considerations must be taken into account whether the
risks could be lowered or not and apply control measures if
necessary.
157
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
– Low
• These risks are normally not in need of control measures unless
they can be implemented at a very low cost.
– Very low
• These are acceptable risks and there is no further action
required for their control.
Ref: Quality risk analysis, Intehopen
158
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Example of hazard priority setting
Ref: Hazard and risk assessment, CCOHS
159
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
An example of a risk
matrix
160
Quiz III
1) DURING THE EXECUTION OF A PROJECT, A RISK IS IDENTIFIED BY A TEAM

MEMBER. THIS RISK IS NOT IN THE RISK REGISTER (A SYSTEM THAT REGISTERS
EXISTING RISKS). AS A PROJECT MANAGER, WHAT IS THE FIRST ACTION YOU
WOULD TAKE?
A. DISCUSS THE RISK WITHIN THE TEAM TO ASCERTAIN THE IMPACT AND
PROBABILITY OF THE RISK
B. ANALYZE THE RISK
C. HOLD A MEETING WITH THE TEAM LEADS TO DETERMINE DEPENDENCY
AND SECONDARY RISKS
D. UPDATE THE RISK REGISTER
2) STATE 2 IMPORTANT BENEFITS OF RISK ASSESSMENT.

1. ____________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________
161
Quiz III
3) FOR A MORE ACCURATE DECISION, WHAT COULD BE USED IN DECISION MAKING

MATRIX?
A. ACTUAL DATA COLLECTED FOR EACH OPTION
B. WEIGHTING THE OBJECTIVES
C. LIMITING THE ALTERNATIVES
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE
4) WHAT IS THE OUTCOME OF THE RISK MATRIX?
A. TO RAISE AWARENESS
B. TO DEFINE AND CONTROL ACCEPTABLE AND UNACCEPTABLE RISKS
C. TO DECIDE IF THE WORKPLACE IS SAFE
D. TO PROFIT THE COMPANY
162
Case Study
The lack of clear instructions and proper supervision in the dangerous business of
demolition lay at the core of a breach of the Occupational Health and Safety Act that
resulted in a $75,000 fine being imposed on Delta Pty Ltd in the Industrial Relations
Commission.
This conclusion by Justice Boland in the case that led to two workers sustaining
serious injuries after a building collapsed sent a clear safety message to all demolition
operators, the Acting General Manager of WorkCover NSW stated.
In 1997 the defendant was contracted to demolish a number of buildings on the Fox
Studio premises in Sydney. On 30 May one of the buildings was being demolished in a
method known as controlled collapse.
Two employees of the defendant were on a scissor lift cutting timber purlins inside
the building when the structure collapsed, toppling the lift. One worker sustained a
compound fracture to one arm, injuries to the liver, fractured ribs and a fractured
pelvis. The other employee suffered a fractured pelvis, loss of several teeth, and
injuries to his tendon, cheek and mouth.
163
Case Study
The court heard that hinge cuts and rust in several of the building’s steel supports had
weakened the structure and contributed to its collapse. Justice Boland said that the
absence of the demolition supervisor as approved by the defendant’s state manager,
and his replacement with someone who was not experienced enough for such a
dangerous operation, was a serious error of judgement in respect of the defendant’s
responsibilities under the Occupational Health and Safety Act.
164
Case Study
1) How many employees were injured in the accident?
2) Identify the hazard(s) in the article above.
3) List the factors that contributed to the accident.
4) List some control measures that could have been used to prevent the accident.
5) Why was the employer held responsible.
165
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review
•Accidents are unwanted and can happen anytime during a working shift.
•What matters is understanding how we can predict the possible
accidents and prevent them from turning into tragedies.
•Those accidents that can cause harm to people and the workplace are
categorized as hazards when it comes to occupational health and safety.
•A responsible employer has all the safety measures to identify and
control hazards to provide a safe working environment for employees.
•Learning from past experiences is important. As engineers, it is your
responsibility to perform tasks with extra caution and check the outcome
over and over again to ensure worker safety.
•Your iron ring is a reminder of a tragedy in 1907 - the Quebec bridge
collapse.
•With the advantages of today’s tools and technologies, tragedies such as
these can be avoided.
166
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review
• Past reports of injuries and fatalities

are always good references to
understand how important hazard
control and safety considerations
are.
• The Quebec bridge collapsed two
times and cost 88 lives and the iron
ring is a continuing reminder of that
tragedy.
• Always think safe, stay safe and
decide safe.
167
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Types of hazards
– Ergonomics
– Chemical
– Psychosocial
– Biological
– Physical
– Safety
– High Risk Activities
168
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Physical Hazards
• A physical hazard is defined as "A factor within the environment that

can harm the body without necessarily touching it. Vibration and noise
are examples of physical hazards“
• Physical hazards include, but aren't limited to, electricity, radiation,
pressure, noise, heights and vibration
169
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Physical Hazards – Noise mitigation
• Considering a common physical hazard, noise, the risks are as

follow:
– Temporary loss of hearing or permanent hearing loss from
exposure to noise exceeding prescribed standards.
– Tinnitus (or ringing in the ears) which usually goes away but in
severe cases it may not, causing additional problems
• The first recommendation to eliminate the hazard is to replace the
equipment with one that is quieter.
• However, understanding that the above might not be feasible, the
worker may reduce the time working around the noisy equipment
and use appropriate hearing protection.
170
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Chemical Hazards
• Chemical hazards require close evaluation, as the harm can be

permanent and catastrophic.
• There are many materials at workplaces that can be categorized as
chemical hazards. A common one is cleaning products. If a company has
variety of chemical products for business use, then strict hazard control
methods should be applied to ensure safety.
• Compressed gases, cleaning products, asbestos, carbon monoxide,
organic peroxide, flammable and/or toxic liquids are some examples of
chemical hazards within workplace.
• Using specific areas for storing chemicals and chemical resistant
surfaces for liquid chemicals, is an essential practice.
• It is important for workers to know where the closest safety showers
and eye wash stations are to flush the exposed area in case of an
exposure.
171
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Ergonomics
• An ergonomic hazard is a physical factor within the environment that

harms the musculoskeletal system. Ergonomic hazards include things
such as repetitive movement, manual handling, workplace/job/task
design, uncomfortable workstation height and poor body positioning.
• Other examples are improper lifting, or lifting over the recommended
weight limit.
• Workers need to recognize that what may seem to be comfortable for
them may actually pose a longer term ergonomic risk.
172
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Industrial Hygiene
• This common hazard is the diseases within the workplaces.

• It is very important to maintain personal hygiene at workplaces and
always wash hands and stay clear of the people who seem to be
sick.
• Some chemical materials may also cause biological hazards which
means in case of exposure, the individual will become sick
depending on the type of material that has been used in the
chemical.
• Emergency responders may also be exposed to bodily fluids such as
vomit or blood which contain pathogens.
• PPE and the workplace must be kept clean
173
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Psychosocial Hazards
• Psychosocial hazards are types of hazards that have an impact on

the mental state of workers.
• Violence, discrimination, and harassment are examples of this type
of hazard which can lead to stress.
• Changes to regulations and social norms mean that some types of
discrimination and harassment are less prevalent than in years
past. For example, people were sometimes discriminated against
for age, gender or sexual orientation.
• It is recommended that workers talk to a trusted resource, such as a
friend, therapist, supervisor or manager to ensure that the issue is
resolved.
• Many workplaces have Employee Assistance Plans to assist workers
in dealing with psychosocial hazards.
174
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Safety Hazards
•This general hazard category focuses on two aspects - mechanical hazards and
human error hazards.
•Examples for this hazard are slips, trips and falls, being struck by a tool or moving
equipment, and situations that my cause MSDs.
•Below are additional examples:
–Careless driving habits
–electrical hazards
–Spills on floors or tripping hazards such as blocked aisles or cords running across
the floor
–Working from heights including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or any raised work area
–Unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts; guards removed or moving
parts that a worker can accidentally touch
–Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper wiring
–Confined spaces
175
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – High Risk Activities (HRA)
• Activities at work that are dangerous and need special training

and/or permit to perform, are referred as High Risk Activity (HRA).
• Depending on the job site, the activities may vary but some
general HRAs are:
• Driving (Including use of cell phone and seat belt)
• Fall from heights
• High-Pressure cleaning
• Working with high temperature equipment
• Confined space
• Line breaks
• Suspended loads
• Powered industrial trucks
176
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Purpose– Hazard Control

Review
• Any potential source that may cause harm is a hazard.

• After identifying the hazard, the control methods should be
applied accordingly.
• There are four types of hazard control methods:
– Elimination or substitution
– Engineering controls
– Administrative controls
– Personal protection equipment (PPE)
• The priority of using a control method is the same as sorted above.
• The most effective way of hazard control is eliminating the hazard
permanently or at least substituting with a less hazardous
equipment or material.
177
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Hazard Control
Hazard control hierarchy
178
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Engineering Controls
•Engineering hazard control has three types:

–Ventilation
•At most of the workstation where there is a chance the worker my inhale debris,
chemicals, etc. there should be specific ventilation system to ensure the
contaminated air is removed.
–Process control
•Some processes need monitoring however the nature of the process might be so
risky to harm people. Therefore, there should be specific designs just to enclose
the process in a protected area and also monitor the process. These designated
engineering designs have their own ventilation as well.
–Enclosure and/or Isolation
•It is important to isolate the emission source to prevent disasters. For instance,
leak friendly surfaces are engineering designs that are meant to store the possibly
leaking materials in a protected area.
179
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Purpose– Administrative Controls

Review
•Administrative hazard control is an important method of controlling hazards. Warning

and safety signs in the workplace are examples of administrative controls. This type of
control has 4 types:
1.Education and training
•Seminars about workplace safety
•Raising awareness through social media
•Frequent meetings about safety considerations
•Creating case scenarios to place the employees in the situation
2.Work practices and safety culture concept
•Safe work practices by everyone
•Maintaining a solid reliable safety culture
•Understanding the concepts of safe thinking
•If possible, select a designated team with more training on emergency procedures.
180
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Administrative Controls
3. Personal and facility hygiene

• This prevents spreading
unwanted biohazards
• It also makes the workplace
look clean and fresh
4. Emergency response and
preparedness
• Ensuring that employees are
familiar with emergency
responses
181
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – PPE
• Personal protection equipment is the last line of defense. It is very

important to wear the right PPE for different parts of workplace due
to its nature of the job. Although using administrative methods, the
appropriate for each workstation within the workplace should be
listed, below are some suggestion for selecting the right PPE:
– Identify hazards within the work area
– Identify the possible harms may be resulted from those hazards
– Select the appropriate PPE
– Ensure proper fitting of the equipment
182
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Decision Making
• Making an educated decision is a technique that requires some

knowledge and it is very effective at workplaces. Studying the
concepts of decision making will help appropriate instant deciding in
emergency cases. Below are suggestions for making an educated
decision:
1. Identify a problem or opportunity
• Recognizing a problem and identifying whether the problem is
worthwhile to be solved is the first step.
• What should be focused is the reality behind the issue and one
can consider whether the decision can satisfy questions such
as:
– Will it make a difference?
– How worthwhile will it be?
2. Collect as much as information as possible
183
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making

– Define the available alternative actions.
– Analyze whether the situation can be controlled by those
alternatives.
4. Develop options
– Develop several possible options for the situation.
– For each option, one can ask “what if” questions to determine the
options are sufficient enough.
– Evaluate feasibility, acceptability and desirability.
– Determine the best alternative that will achieving the objective
184
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
A decision making matrix is a method that helps proper decision making

based on the objectives one may have. Considering the example below with
the following rates of cost (8), Safety (10), Durability (8) and Effectiveness
(7):
Cost Safety Durability Effectiveness
Option 1: Do not change 10 2 1 1
Option 2: Brand new 3 10 10 7

purchase
Option 3: Used purchase 5 7 6 4
Then the result for option 2 will be as follow:

(3 x 8) + (10 x 10) + (10 x 8) + ( 7 x 7) = 253
185
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Risk Assessment
•With the goal of eliminating potentially dangerous hazards, risk assessment is a

method of protection by considering the risks of hazards and taking action
accordingly.
•Below are some of the components that should be taken into account for
conducting risk assessment.
–Identification of hazards
–Consideration of different circumstances such as power outage, shutdowns,
emergencies and normal operational situations
–Evaluation and monitoring of the risk to ensure it is under control
–Evaluation of likelihood and severity of the injury or illness
–Reviewing all the available health and safety information about the hazard such
as MSDSs, manufacturers literature, results of testing, etc.
–Keeping any necessary documentation or records that include the detailed risk
assessment technique outlining evaluation details and conclusions.
186
Workplace Decision
Hazards Making
Review – Risk Assessment
The Risk Matrix is also

popularly known as
the Probability and Impact
Matrix. The Risk Matrix is
used during Risk Assessment
and is born during Qualitative
Risk Analysis in the Risk
Management process. It is a
very effective tool that could
be used successfully with
Senior Management to raise
awareness and increase
visibility of risks so that sound
decisions on certain risks can
be made in context.
187
Thanks to all the participants
Useful Websites
• www.ccohs.ca
• www.ihsa.ca
• www.labour.gc.ca
• www.canoshweb.org
• www.servicecanada.gc.ca
• The provincial health and safety websites

• The Provincial ministry of labour websites
189
References
1. Association of Workers' Compensation Boards of Canada / Association Des

Commissions Des Accidents Du Travail Du Canada." Association of Workers'
Compensation Boards of Canada / Association Des Commissions Des Accidents
Du Travail Du Canada. 8 Mar. 2015. Web. 6 July 2015.
http://awcbc.org/
2. "Health and Safety." Government of Ontario, Ministry of Labour Health and
Safety. 2015. Web. 16 July 2015.
http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/
3. "Public Health Ontario." Public Health Ontario. 2015. Web. 9 June 2015.
http://www.publichealthontario.ca/
4. "Occupational Health and Safety." Government of Alberta Occupational Health
and Safety. 2015. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.
http://work.alberta.ca/occupational-health-safety.html/
5. "Workplace Hazards and Hazard Control." Government of Canada, Canadian
Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. 19 June 2015. Web. 4 Aug. 2015.
https://www.ccohs.ca/
6. Minerva Canada Safety Management Courses." Minerva Canada - Legal. 2015.
Web. 6 Sept. 2015.
http://www.safetymanagementeducation.com/
190
References
7. Robson, Lynda S., Judith A. Clarke, Kimberley Cullen, Amber Bielecky, Colette
Severin, Philip L. Bigelow, Emma Irvin, Anthony Culyer, and Quenby Mahood.
"The Effectiveness of Occupational Health and Safety Management System
Interventions: A Systematic Review." Safety Science (2007): 329-53. Print.
http://library.ryerson.ca/
8. "Health and Safety Topics." Worksafebc.com. 2015. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
http://www.worksafebc.com/
9. "Safe Work Australia." Occupational Health and Safety. 2015. Web. 14 Sept.
2015.
http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/
10. Chamberlin, John. "Hazard Identification and Control." SpaceOps 2008
Conference (2008). Print.
11. "UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR." Occupational Safety and Health
Administration. 2015. Web. 5 Sept. 2015.
http://www.dol.gov/
12. Dejoy, David M. "Reprint of “Managing Safety in the Workplace: An Attribution
Theory Analysis and Model”." Journal of Safety Research(2013). Web.
191
References
13. Kromhout, H. "Design of Measurement Strategies for Workplace

Exposures." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 59.5 (2002): 349-54.
Web.
14. "High-Risk Activities." Infrastructure health and safety association “. Web. 28
Dec. 2015.
http://www.ihsa.ca/
15. The last case study:
"Health and Safety Case Study." WorkCover NSW. 2015. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
https://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/
192

Field Safety Considerations and Its Design Implications

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Field Safety Considerations and Its Design Implications

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Field Safety Considerations and its

Design Implications — Introduction

The purpose of this safety module is to provide graduate engineers

This module contains information on workplace hazards and

Some short quizzes, case scenarios and an exam is included to test

• Learn and apply legislative requirements, industry standards, and best

History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities

 The safety of workers is a critical priority

 The safety culture of an organization is

History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities

Creating a positive culture for

 Thinking safety and acting

Ref: Signs of workplace safety culture,

History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities

However, there are still reports of injuries

Employers and workers are required to

History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities

The Association of Workers'

History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities

According to AWCBC’s report for Lost time injuries

delays or absenteeism. Males

In the same report, health and

History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities

injuries for all 140000

regions by gender 120000

AWCBC’s analysis. 80000

History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities

1. Why do you think more males are injured than females?

History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities

• According to statistics results, men are most

History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities

• Individual Canadian provinces have different injury rates depending on

History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities

• The AWCBC report indicates that provinces with higher populations

History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities

Let’s look at a case study…

On November 3, 2001, a 19-year-old male, Nick, who was a

1. What did Nick do wrong?

In relevant to Nick’s story, let’s state some of the regulatory

As a minimum, employers should ensure that the following existing

• Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) is a set of regulations that

Ref: Ontario Ministry of Labour 22

November 1994 was the last month for the 19-year-old

 We have seen how equipment (fork truck) and chemicals (flammable

Hazard is a potential source of danger that can result in death or injuries

Workplace Hazards – Ergonomics

This is a common type that occurs due to improper performance of

Workplace Hazards – Chemical Hazards

Any chemical source such as release of chemical materials with toxic

Workplace Hazards – Psychosocial

Workplace violence, harassment,

Workplace Hazards – Biological

Workplace Hazards – Physical Hazards

Hazards such as noise, radiation, high pressure or vacuum, etc are

Workplace Hazards - Safety

Inappropriate machine guarding, slipping and tripping, breakdowns,

Workplace Hazards - Safety

• Ergonomic hazards occur when the type of

• Examples of ergonomic Hazards are: