Special Topics in Communication and Networks

(CSC709)
Lecture 1 – Introduction
Dr. Sarmad Ahmed Shaikh
Computer Science department

[email protected] /[email protected]
Sindh Madressatul Islam University (SMIU)
Karachi Spring-2021
1
Copyright notice: This piece of work may contain copyrighted material. It cannot be copied/distributed without copyright holders permission
 Fare clic perCourse Objectives
modificare lo stile del titolo
To familiarize students to

  Special Topics to understand the Communication Systems and

their Networking

 Various advanced topics related to different types of wireless

communication systems and networking (cellular systems)

 Communication channels, and massive MIMO techniques for data

rates and users enhancements

 Direction finding algorithms

2
 Course
Fare clic per Information
modificare lo stile del titolo
 Instructor: Dr. Sarmad Ahmed Shaikh
– Computer Science Department, SMIU

 Text book:
– B.P. Lathi, Modern digital and analog communication systems, 3rd/4th edition
– T. Rappaport, Wireless communications: Principles and practice, 2001
– A. Gokhale, Introduction to Telecommunications, 2nd Edition

 Class material
– Slides and class activities
 Credit Hours:
– 3
 Lectures:
– 1 per week – 3 hours each
3
 Assessment
Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 Quizzes – 10% - One quiz will be dropped
 Homeworks – 10%
 Project – 15%
 Participation – 5%
 Midterm1 – 20%
 Final – 40%

* Subject to change according to COVID situation

4
 Grading Policy
Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 All deadlines will be hard.
 Regrading can be requested after grade reporting, within following
time limits:
– Midterm: 2days
– HWs: 2days
– Quizzes: 2days

5
 Academic
Fare clic per Dishonesty
modificare lo stile del titolo
 Any form of cheating on exams/homeworks/quizzes is
subject to serious penalty.

6
 Tentative
Fare clic Course lo
per modificare Contents
stile del titolo
 Introduction to Communication Systems and Networking
 Cellular communication systems
 Analog and Digital Messages
 Channel Effect, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Channel Capacity
 Modulation and Demodulation Schemes (AM/FM/PM/QAM)
 Super heterodyne Analog AM/FM Receivers
 Mobile wireless channel: fading and its statistics
 Antenna diversity techniques and performance
 Multicarrier modulation: OFDM and FMT
 Massive MIMO Systems
 Direction finding techniques

7
 Project lo stile del titolo
Fare clic per modificare
 With the project, students will learn all necessary steps on how to
build a communication system from the idea phase to the final
design and characterization phase.

 Group
– Not more than 2 students per group

 Submission of proposal
– 3rd week of the course

 Deliverable
– All project components i.e., coding, graphs, results
– Report (A-Z) in the form of IEEE-paper format
– Final presentation

8
 Fare clic perAbout the Classes
modificare lo stile del titolo
 You’re welcome to ask questions.
– You can interrupt me at any time.
– Please don’t disturb others in the class.

 Our responsibility is to facilitate you to learn.

– You have to make the effort.

 Spend time reviewing lecture notes afterwards.

 If you have a question on the lecture material after a class, then

– Look up a book! Be resourceful.
– Try to work it out yourself.
– Ask me during the problem class or one of scheduled times of availability.

9
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo

Introduction to Communication Systems

and Networking

10
 Fare Multitude of Communications
clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 Telephone Network
 Internet
 Radio and TV broadcast
 Mobile communications
 Wi-Fi
 Satellite and space communications
 Smart power grid/power line communications…

 Analogue communications
– AM, FM
 Digital communications
– Transfer of information in digits
– Dominant technology today
– Broadband, 3G/4G/5G
11
 Fare clicWhat’s Communication?
per modificare lo stile del titolo
 Communication involves the transfer of information from one
point to another.
– Wired (Public Telephony)
– Wireless (mobile phone)

 Three basic elements

– Transmitter: converts message into a form suitable for transmission
– Channel: the physical medium, introduces distortion, noise, interference
– Receiver: reconstruct a recognizable form of the message

12
 Fare clicCommunication Channel
per modificare lo stile del titolo
 The channel is central to operation of a communication system
– Linear (e.g., mobile radio) or nonlinear (e.g., satellite)
– Time invariant (e.g., fiber) or time varying (e.g., mobile radio)

 The information-carrying capacity of a communication system is

proportional to the channel bandwidth

 Pursuit for wider bandwidth

– Copper wire: 1 MHz
– Coaxial cable: 100 MHz
– Microwave: GHz
– Optical fiber: THz
• Uses light as the signal carrier
• Highest capacity among all practical signals

13
 Fare clicNoise in Communications
per modificare lo stile del titolo
  Unavoidable presence of noise in the channel
– Noise refers to unwanted waves that disturb communications
– Signal is contaminated by noise along the path

 External noise: interference from nearby channels, human made

noise, natural noise...

 Internal noise: thermal noise, random emission... in electronic

devices
 Noise is one of the basic factors that set limits on communications.

 A widely used metric is the signal-to-noise (power) ratio (SNR)

14
 Fare clicTransmitter and lo
per modificare Receiver
stile del titolo
 The transmitter modifies the message signal into a form suitable
for transmission over the channel

 This modification often involves modulation

– Moving the signal to a high-frequency carrier (up-conversion) and varying
some parameter of the carrier wave
– Analog: AM, FM, PM
– Digital: ASK, FSK, PSK (SK: shift keying)
 The receiver recreates the original message by demodulation
– Recovery is not exact due to noise/distortion
– The resulting degradation is influenced by the type of modulation

 Design of analog communication is conceptually simple

 Digital communication is more efficient and reliable; design is
more sophisticated
15
 Objectives
Fare clic of System
per modificare Design
lo stile del titolo
 Two primary resources in communications
– Transmitted power (should be green)
– Channel bandwidth (very expensive in the commercial market)

 In certain scenarios, one resource may be more important than

the other
– Power limited (e.g. deep-space communication)
– Bandwidth limited (e.g. telephone circuit)

 Objectives of a communication system design

– The message is delivered both efficiently and reliably, subject to certain
design constraints: power, bandwidth, and cost.
– Efficiency is usually measured by the amount of messages sent in unit
power, unit time and unit bandwidth.
– Reliability is expressed in terms of SNR or probability of error.

16
 Types
Fare of Communication
clic per by del
modificare lo stile Media
titolo
 Land line telephone system
– Wired
– Electrical signal
 Mobile Phones
– wireless
– electromagnetic waves
 Fiber Optical Communication
– Wired/wireless
– light waves/sources
– Lifi

17
 Fare clicWireless Communication
per modificare lo stile del titolo
What is Wireless Communication (Wirl Comm)?

 Transmitting and Receiving data and voice/video using

electromagnetic waves in open space
– The information from sender to receiver is carried over a well defined radio
frequency band (channel)

– Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth and capacity (bit-rate)

– Different channels can be used to transmit information in parallel and

independently

18
 Fare clic perSimple Example
modificare lo stile del titolo
 Assume a spectrum of 120 KHz is allocated over a base frequency
for communication between station A and B

 Each channel occupies 40KHz

– Not so simple in real world – no sharp cut offs.
– Receiver has a filter, which would determine the cutoff frequency
– In real life, a lot of frequency overlap takes place. Use “Guard Bands”

19
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo

Frequency spectrum allocation for the U.S. cellular radio service. Identically
labeled channels in the two bands form a forward and reverse channel pair
used for duplex communication between the base station and mobile. Note
that the forward and reverse channels in each pair are separated by 45 MHz.
20
Block Diagram
Fare clic perofmodificare
a Generallo
Wirl
stileComm System
del titolo
Transmitter Antenna
Modulating
Signal Impedance
Modulator Amplifier Matching
Network
Carrier
Signal

Antenna Receiver

IF filter and Display

RF Amplifier Mixer Demodulator device/
Amplifier
Speaker

LO

21
 Types
Fare clic per of Wirl Comm
modificare lo stile del titolo
 Mobile
– Cellular Phones (GSM/CDMA/UMTS)

 Portable
– IEEE 802.11 a/b/g (WiFi)

 Fixed
– IEEE 802.16 (Wireless MAN)

22
 FareMajor
clic perMobile RadioloStandards
modificare stile del titolo

23
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo

24
 Typical
Fare clic per Frequencies
modificare lo stile del titolo
 FM Radio ~ 88MHz
 TV Broadcast ~200MHz
 GSM Phone ~900/1800 MHz
 GPS ~1.2GHz
 Bluetooth ~2.4GHz
 WiFi ~2.4GHz

 2.4GHz is not the highest frequency, there are equipment using

higher frequencies, i.e., X-band radar, millimeter wave comm
– 2.4 GHz is free band, not requiring license
– i.e., ISM (Industrial, scientific, medical) band

25
 Electromagnetic
Fare clic per modificare Spectrum
lo stile del titolo

26
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo

Honeycomb
27
 FareCellular
clic per Mobile Phone
modificare Network
lo stile del titolo
 A large area is partitioned into cells
 Frequency reuse to maximize capacity

A cellular system. The towers represent base stations (BS) which provide
28 radio access between mobile users and the mobile switching center (MSC).
 Growth
Fare of modificare
clic per Mobile Communications
lo stile del titolo
 1G: analog communications
– AMPS, voice
 2G: digital communications
– GSM, voice
– IS-95
 3G: CDMA networks
– WCDMA, digital data
– CDMA2000
– TD-SCDMA
 4G: data rate up to
1 Gbps (giga bits per second)
– Pre-4G technologies: WiMax, 3G LTE

 5G: Coming soon with data rates in 10s to 100s Gbps

29
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 1992: World’s first commercial SMS was sent
 2003: Subscribership in the wireless industry surpasses 150
million.
 2009: Cellular subscribers in Pakistan exceeds 90 million

 According to the research firm IHS Markit, the number of

smartphones went from four billion in 2016 to more than six
billion by 2020.
 Also, QualComm, in one report, expected that over 60 times
growth in mobile data traffic is going to be seen from 2013 to 2024
to reach 136 billion Gigabytes monthly global mobile data traffic in
2024, and 75% of this traffic is from multimedia creation and
consumption.
 All these numbers show the high load that 5G will face in the next
few years.
30
 Fare clic perBut Why Wirl
modificare lo ?stile del titolo
 Freedom from Wires!
– No cost of installing wires or rewiring
– No bunches of wires running here and there
– Auto or “Magical” instantaneous communication without physical
connection!

 Global Coverage
– Communication can reach where wiring is infeasible or costly
• rural areas, battle fields, vehicles, outer space (Sattellites)

 Human desire running billions of dollars industry !!

31
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 Stay Connected
– Roaming allows flexibility to stay connected anywhere anytime
– Rapidly growing market attests to public need for mobility and
uninterrupted access
 Flexibility
– Services reach you wherever you go (Mobility). E.g. you don’t have to go to
lab to check email
– Connect to multiple devices simultaneously

 Increasing dependence on telecommunication services for

business and personal reasons

 Consumers and businesses willing to pay for it!

 “Stay connected – anywhere, anytime” is driving the industry

32
 Wi-Fi lo stile del titolo
Fare clic per modificare
 Wi-Fi connects “local” computers (usually within 100m range)

33
 IEEE
Fare clic per802.11 Wi-Filo
modificare Standard
stile del titolo
 802.11b
– Standard for 2.4GHz (unlicensed) ISM band
– 1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range
 802.11a
– Standard for 5GHz band
– 20-70 Mbps, variable range
– Similar to HiperLAN in Europe
 802.11g
– Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
– Speeds up to 54 Mbps, based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM)
 802.11n
– Data rates up to 600 Mbps
– Use multi-input multi-output (MIMO)

34
 FareSatellite/Space Communication
clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 Satellite communication
– Cover very large areas
– Optimized for one-way transmission
• Radio (DAB) and movie (SatTV) broadcasting
– Two-way systems
• The only choice for remote-area and maritime communications
• Propagation delay (0.25 s) is uncomfortable in voice communications
 Space communication
– Missions to Moon, Mars, …
– Long distance, weak signals
– High-gain antennas
– Powerful error-control coding

35
 Future
Fare clic Wireless Networks
per modificare lo stile del titolo
 Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices
– Wireless Internet access
– Nth generation Cellular
– Ad Hoc Networks
– Sensor Networks
– Wireless Entertainment
– Smart Homes/Grids
– Automated Highways
– All this and more…

An example of next-generation location-based

communication system.

36
 Challenges
Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
Hard Delay Constraints and Hard Energy Constraints

 Efficient Hardware
– Low Power Transmitters and Receivers
– Low Power Signal Processing Tools
• Battery and Radiation

 Efficient use of finite radio spectrum

– Costly spectrum
– Cellular frequency reuse, medium access control protocols etc

 Integrated Services
– Voice, data, multimedia – all over single network
– Service differentiation, priorities, resource sharing
37
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 Multimedia Requirements

Voice Data Video

Delay < 100 ms - < 100 ms
Packet Loss < 1% 0 < 1%
Data Rate 8-32 Kbps 1-100 Mbps 1 – 20 Mbps
Traffic Continuous Bursty Continuous

One size doesn’t fit all!

38
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 Network support for user mobility
– Location identification
– Handover

 Maintaining Quality of Service (QoS) over unreliable links

 Cost effective

39
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 Fading from Multipath

 Probability of data corruption

– Wireless is not robust, error detecting techniques are required

 Security mechanisms
– Privacy, authentications
– For every lock, there is a key
– Ever evolving

40
 FareRe-emphasize: Wirless
clic per modificare Vs Mobile
lo stile del titolo
 Wireless doesn’t necessarily mean mobile

 Wireless system may be:

– Fixed: Metropolitan Area Network
– Portable: Wireless interaction between laptops
– Mobile: Mobile Phone

41
 FareMilestones in Communications
clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 1837, Morse code used in telegraph
 1864, Maxwell formulated the electromagnetic (EM) theory
 1887, Hertz demonstrated physical evidence of EM waves
 1890’s-1900’s, Marconi & Popov, long-distance radio telegraph
– Across Atlantic Ocean
– From Cornwall to Canada
 1875, Bell invented the telephone
 1906, radio broadcast
 1918, Armstrong invented superheterodyne radio receiver (and
FM in 1933)
 1921, land-mobile communication
 1928, Nyquist proposed the sampling theorem
 1947, microwave relay system
 1948, information theory
42
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 1957, era of satellite communication began
 1966, Kuen Kao pioneered fiber-optical communications (Nobel
Prize Winner)
 1970’s, era of computer networks began
 1981, analog cellular system
 1988, digital cellular system debuted in Europe
 2000, 3G network
 2014, 4G network
 2020, 5G expected
– Millimeter wave communication
– 100s gpbs rates

43
 Communication
Fare clic per modificare Networks
lo stile del titolo
 Network:
– Series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths

 Switching Exchanges:
– Connection points or network nodes

 Backbone:
– Larger transmission line that interconnects smaller lines

44
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
Benefits:
 Powerful, flexible collaboration

 Cost-effective sharing of equipment

 Software management

 Flexible use of computing power

 Secure management of sensitive information

 Easy, effective worldwide communication

45
 Internetlo stile del titolo
Fare clic per modificare
 1969: ARPANET was funded by the DARPA commitment to a
standard communication protocol
 1981: Development of CSNET and BITNET
 1982: Term Internet is coined
 1989: CSNET and BITNET merge to form CREN
 1990: WWW becomes part of the Internet

46
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 Today’s communications networks are complicated systems
– A large number of users sharing the medium
– Hosts: devices that communicate with each other
– Routers: route data through the network

47
 Concept
Fare clic per of Layering
modificare lo stile del titolo
 Partitioned into layers, each doing a relatively simple task
 Protocol stack

(Open Systems Interconnection), TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

Communication systems mostly deal with the physical layer, but
some techniques (e.g., coding) can also be applied to the network
layer.
48
 FareClassification of Data
clic per modificare lo Networks
stile del titolo
Classification by Spatial Distance

 WAN (Wide Area Network)

– More than 50 km, private/public, kbps to Mbps

 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

– 5 to 50 km, private/public, kbps to Mbps

 LAN (Local Area Network)

– Less than 5 km, private, Mbps to Gbps

49
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
Classification of Data Networks by Ownership
 Public Network
– Owned by a common carrier

 Private Network
– Built for exclusive use by a single organization

 Virtual Private Network

– Encrypted tunnels through a shared private or public network

50
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
Classification of Data Networks by Switching Technology
 Circuit Switching
– Connection-oriented networks, ideal for real-time applications, guaranteed
quality of service

 Message Switching
– Store-and-forward system

 Packet Switching
– Shared facilities, Used for data communications

51
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
Classification of Data Networks by Computing Model
 Distributed Computing
– Client/Server set-up

 Centralized Computing
– Thin-client architecture

 Some Useful Telecom Terms

– Scalability: Ability to increase the power and/or number of users without
major redesigns
– Backhaul: High speed/data rates background communication
– UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)

52
 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
Classification of Data Networks by Type of Information

 Data Communications
– Digital transmission of information

 Voice Communications
– Telephone communications

 Video Communications
– Cable TV or video conferencing

53
 Telecom
Fare clic per Standards
modificare lo stile del titolo
 International Standards Organizations
– ISO (International Standards Organization)
– ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
– IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

 National Regulatory and Standards Organizations

– FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
– ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
– TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)

54
 Fare clic perProject Options
modificare lo stile del titolo
 Simulation of some modules of a communication system.

 Literature survey in the form of IEEE journal paper on

special/advanced topics i.e.,
– Wireless Communication in 5G and IoT Sensors Systems
– 6G Communication Systems – Futuristic Technology
– Advancements in Wire Communication Systems
– Free Space Optical (FSO) Communication Systems
– AESA radar system design and implementation
– Or your idea any !!!!

55