Adjusting The Accounts: Learning Objectives
Adjusting The Accounts: Learning Objectives
Adjusting The Accounts: Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
Explain the accrual basis of accounting and the
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reasons for adjusting entries.
.....
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Dec.
Generally a
Alternative Terminology
month, The time period assumption
is also called the
quarter, or periodicity assumption.
year.
3-2 LO 1
Fiscal and Calendar Years
3-3 LO 1
Fiscal and Calendar Years
Question
The time period assumption states that:
3-4 LO 1
Accrual- versus Cash-Basis Accounting
Accrual-Basis Accounting
Transactions recorded in the periods in which the
events occur.
Companies recognize revenues when they perform
services (rather than when they receive cash).
Expenses are recognized when incurred (rather than
when paid).
In accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles (GAAP).
3-5 LO 1
Accrual- versus Cash-Basis Accounting
Cash-Basis Accounting
Revenues recognized when cash is received.
Expenses recognized when cash is paid.
Cash-basis accounting is not in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
3-6 LO 1
Recognizing Revenues and Expenses
3-7 LO 1
Recognizing Revenues and Expenses
3-8 LO 1
Illustration 3-1
GAAP relationships in
revenue and expense
recognition
3-9 LO 1
Recognizing Revenues and Expenses
Question
One of the following statements about the accrual basis of
accounting is false? That statement is:
a. Events that change a company’s financial statements are
recorded in the periods in which the events occur.
b. Revenue is recognized in the period in which the performance
obligation is satisfied.
c. The accrual basis of accounting is in accord with generally
accepted accounting principles.
d. Revenue is recorded only when cash is received, and
expenses are recorded only when cash is paid.
3-10 LO 1
The Need for Adjusting Entries
Adjusting Entries
Ensure that the revenue recognition and expense
recognition principles are followed.
Necessary because the trial balance may not contain
up-to-date and complete data.
Required every time a company prepares financial
statements.
Will include one income statement account and one
balance sheet account.
3-11 LO 1
The Need for Adjusting Entries
Question
Adjusting entries are made to ensure that:
a. expenses are recognized in the period in which they
are incurred.
b. revenues are recorded in the period in which
services are performed.
c. balance sheet and income statement accounts have
correct balances at the end of an accounting period.
d. all of the above.
3-12 LO 1
Types of Adjusting Entries
Illustration 3-2
Categories of adjusting entries
Deferrals Accruals
3-13 LO 1
DO IT! 1 Timing Concepts
A list of concepts is provided in the left column below, with a description of the
concept in the right column below. There are more descriptions provided than
concepts. Match the description of the concept to the concept.
f Accrual-basis accounting.
1. ___ (a) Monthly and quarterly time periods.
e Calendar year. (b) Efforts (expenses) should be matched
2. ___
with results (revenues).
c Time period assumption.
3. ___ (c) Accountants divide the economic life of
b Expense recognition
4. ___ a business into artificial time periods.
principle. (d) Companies record revenues when they
receive cash and record expenses
when they pay out cash.
(e) An accounting time period that starts on
January 1 and ends on December 31.
(f) Companies record transactions in the
period in which the events occur.
3-14 LO 1
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
2 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.
Prepaid expenses
Unearned revenues
3-15 LO 2
Prepaid Expenses
3-16 LO 2
Prepaid Expenses
Illustration 3-4
3-17 LO 2
Supplies
3-18 LO 2
Insurance
3-19 LO 2
Depreciation
3-20 LO 2
Depreciation
Oct. 31
Depreciation expense 40
Accumulated depreciation 40
3-21 LO 2
Depreciation
STATEMENT PRESENTATION
Accumulated Depreciation is a contra asset account
(credit).
Offsets related asset account on the balance sheet.
Book value is the difference between the cost of any
depreciable asset and its accumulated depreciation.
Illustration 3-8
3-22 LO 2
Prepaid Expenses
Illustration 3-9
Accounting for prepaid expenses
3-23 LO 2
Unearned Revenues
3-24 LO 2
Unearned Revenues
3-25 LO 2
Unearned Revenues
3-26 LO 2
Unearned Revenues
3-27 LO 2
DO IT! 2 Adjusting Entries for Deferrals
3-28 LO 2
DO IT! 2 Adjusting Entries for Deferrals
3-29 LO 2
DO IT! 2 Adjusting Entries for Deferrals
3-30 LO 2
DO IT! 2 Adjusting Entries for Deferrals
3-31 LO 2
DO IT! 2 Adjusting Entries for Deferrals
3-32 LO 2
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
3 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.
3-33 LO 3
Accrued Revenues
3-34 LO 3
Accrued Revenues
3-35 LO 3
Accrued Revenues
Oct. 31
Accounts Receivable 200
Service Revenue 200
3-37 LO 3
Accrued Expenses
3-38 LO 3
Accrued Expenses
3-39 LO 3
Accrued Expenses
ACCRUED INTEREST
Illustration: Pioneer Advertising signed a three-month note
payable in the amount of $5,000 on October 1. The note requires
Pioneer to pay interest at an annual rate of 12%.
Illustration 3-17
3-40 LO 3
Accrued Expenses
ACCRUED INTEREST
Illustration: Pioneer Advertising paid salaries and wages on
October 26; the next payment of salaries will not occur until
November 9. The employees receive total salaries of $2,000 for a
five-day work week, or $400 per day.
Illustration 3-19
3-41 LO 3
Accrued Expenses
3-42 LO 3
Summary of Basic Relationships
Illustration 3-22
3-43 LO 3
DO IT! 3 Adjusting Entries for Accruals
3-44 LO 3
DO IT! 3 Adjusting Entries for Accruals
3-46 LO 4
Illustration 3-25
3-47 LO 4
Adjusted Trial Balance
Question
Which of the following statements is incorrect concerning the adjusted
trial balance?
a. An adjusted trial balance proves the equality of the total debit
balances and the total credit balances in the ledger after all
adjustments are made.
b. The adjusted trial balance provides the primary basis for the
preparation of financial statements.
c. The adjusted trial balance lists the account balances segregated
by assets and liabilities.
d. The adjusted trial balance is prepared after the adjusting entries
have been journalized and posted.
3-48 LO 4
Preparing Financial Statements
Financial
FinancialStatements
Statementsare
areprepared
prepareddirectly
directlyfrom
fromthe
the
Adjusted
AdjustedTrial
TrialBalance.
Balance.
Owner’s
Income Balance
Equity
Statement Sheet
Statement
3-49 LO 4
Illustration 3-26
Preparation of the income statement and owner’s
equity statement from the adjusted trial balance
3-50
Illustration 3-27
Preparation of the balance sheet from
the adjusted trial balance
3-51 LO 4
DO IT! 4 Trial Balance
(a) Determine the net income for the quarter April 1 to June 30.
(b) Determine the total assets and total liabilities at June 30, 2017, for Skolnick Co.
3-52
(c) Determine the amount of owner’s capital at June 30, 2017. LO 4
DO IT! 4 Trial Balance
3-53 LO 4
DO IT! 4 Trial Balance
3-54 LO 4
DO IT! 4 Trial Balance
3-55 LO 4
Problem- 1
Terry Thomas opens the Green Thumb Lawn Care Company on
April 1. At April 30, the trial balance shows the following
balances for selected accounts.
Prepaid Insurance $ 3,600
Equipment 28,000
Notes Payable 20,000
Unearned Service Revenue 4,200
Service Revenue 1,800
Analysis reveals the following additional data.
1.Prepaid insurance is the cost of a 2-year insurance policy,
effective April 1.
2.Depreciation on the equipment is $500 per month.
3.The note payable is dated April 1. It is a 6-month, 12% note.
3-56
Problem- 1 (Continue)
4.Seven customers paid for the company’s 6 months’ lawn service
package of $600 beginning in April. The company performed
services for these customers in April
5. Lawn services provided other customers but not recorded at
April 30 totaled $1,500.
Instructions
Prepare the adjusting entries for the month of April. Show
computations.
3-57
Problem-2
Melton River Resort opened for business on June 1 with eight air-conditioned
units. Its trial balance before adjustment on August 31 is as follows.
Debit Credit
Cash $19,600
Supplies 3,300
Prepaid Insurance 6,000
Land 25,000
Buildings 125,000
Equipment 26,000
Accounts Payable $ 6,500
Unearned Rent Revenue 7,400
Mortgage Payable 80,000
Owner’s Capital 100,000
Owner’s Drawings 5,000
Rent Revenue 80,000
Maintenance and Repairs Expense 3,600
3-58
Problem-2
Salaries and Wages Expense 51,000
Utilities Expense 9,400
Total $273,900 $273,900
Other data:
1. Insurance expires at the rate of $300 per month.
2. A count on August 31 shows $800 of supplies on hand.
3. Annual depreciation is $6,000 on buildings and $2,400 on equipment.
4. Unearned rent revenue of $4,800 was earned prior to August 31.
5. Salaries of $400 were unpaid at August 31.
6. Rentals of $4,000 were due from tenants at August 31. (Use Accounts Receivable.)
7.The mortgage interest rate is 9% per year. (The mortgage was taken out on August 1.)
Instructions
(a)Journalize the adjusting entries on August 31 for the 3-month period June 1–August
31.
(b) Prepare the adjusted trial balance
(c) Prepare an income statement, an owner equity statement and a balance sheet.
3-59