TYPE OF AND THERMAL ASSESSMENT OF DUAL

PURPOSE POWER/DESALINATION PLANTS

 Seawater

Seawater intake

Pretreatment
Standalone desalination plant
Standalone desalination plant
One end product
Desalination
Plant

Post
treatment
Desalinated water
consumers Blending

Operation flow chart for a water/power cogeneration plant

 Standalone thermal desalination plants

small scale thermal desalination plants

with production capacities ranging
between 250 to 9000 m3/day per unit
are currently operating in a number of
single purpose satellite plants with
water as the only end product.

 One of the major problems which is

impeding the cost effectiveness of single
purpose thermal desalination plants is
the high thermal energy consumption.

 Fuel energy requirements of a single

purpose desalination plant is around 38
kWh/m3)which is more than 25 times the
theoretical minimum energy
requirements.

 High water production cost

3
Standalone electrical power production systems
 Schematic diagram of steam power
plant
Standalone electrical power production systems heat balance
 Steam Power Generation Cycles

nn
Chemical Energy Thermal Gas or Steam Mechanical Electrical
In Fuel Energy Cycle

Combustio
Energy

Generator
Energy

Waste
Heat
Surroundings

Standalone electrical power production systems have an efficiency ranging from 35 to 50%.
This poor efficiency rate is the result of much heat - between half and two-third of the total heat
generated - being rejected in the atmosphere in the form of low grade heat.
Since thermal desalination systems can be driven by low grade heat, they can recover and give value to
this rejected heat by producing fresh water downstream the power generation system. The overall
energy cycle is optimized.
 Seawater

Seawater intake

Pretreatment
LP steam
Desalination Condensate Power generation
Plant Plant
Pumping
power
Post Net power
treatment output

Pumping status

Consumers Storage tanks

Operation flow chart for a water/power

Power/Water cogeneration plant
Flow Chart
Financial Benefits for Dual Purpose Plants

Dual purpose power/water plants have an overall

financial gain against two single purpose plants.
■ Sharing of some common equipment (boiler and its
associated facilities, intake and outfall facilities).

■ Elimination of some equipment

(power plant condenser)
■ Tremendous saving in fuel consumption related to
the desalting process

9
 Fuel
requirements

Fuel =598 MW
requirements
=447 MW Dual Single
Purpose Purpose
104.45 MW
Electrical 298 MW
243 MW

Dual Single
Purpose Water Production Purpose

15 MIGD 298 MW
204 MW

Thermal Benefits of Cogeneration Plants 10

 TYBE OF POWER/WATER COGENERATION SYSTEMS

GAS POWER CYCLE COMBINED

STEAM POWER CYCLEE
POWER CYCLE

BACK PRESSURE STEAM EXTRACTION CONDENSING

TURBINE STEAM TURBINE
 DUAL PURPOSE POWER/WATER
BOILER+EXTRACTION/CONDENSINGTURBINE+MSF
 Steam obtained by extraction from an intermediate stage at
appropriate pressure and temperature .Remaining steam is exhausted
to the pressure of the condenser.
Steam is bled from various points on the turbine and used in a shell and
tube heat exchanger, called a feed heater, to increase the temperature of
the condensate from the condenser, which becomes the feed to the
boiler.
The LP 1 feed heater makes the greatest contribution to power output.
HP 1 feed heater makes the smallest contribution which determines the
optimum temperature to which the boiler feed is heated.
By heating the feed in this way, the amount of heating needed in the
boiler is reduced. This has been achieved by preventing the latent heat of
the bled steam from being wasted at the condenser As the steam has
already contributed to the power output of the turbine, the efficiency of
the cycle is increased. For best economy roughly equal temperature rises
are designed into each feed heating stage.
The condenser and bled steam piping to the low pressure heaters is or
can be below atmospheric pressure, under which condition air can leak
in. This air must be removed to prevent corrosion in the boiler, so the
condensate is passed into a deaerator for this purpose, and the deaerator
also acts as a feed heating stage.
 MW 9.8-127
Back Pressure
t/h 90.6-654 Turbine p
507-512oC
bar 87-91
MSF
Boiler Distillers
145-252
kPa TBT
90.6-
Fuel 112.8 oC
25.16 -21
o
C 142-233 Deaerator MIGD

Heater # 1 Heater # 2

Condensate Pump

Schematic Diagram of back pressure Co-generation Plant 13

Back-pressure steam turbine connected to desalination plant (BP-ST)
 
A simplified flow Sheet of back pressure turbine steam station connected to four MSF
distillers is shown in Figure 1.
The cycle used is a Rankine cycle with part of the steam entering the turbine is extracted to
two feed heaters, and deaerator to improve overall plant efficiency .
All of the remaining part of steam is fully expanded and withdrawn from the turbine outlet
and fed to a desalination plant to produce desalinated water..
The pressure at the turbine outlet is governed by the desalting plant conditions and is higher
than the pressure of the conventional condensing turbine.

Back pressure turbine provides relatively more process steam to drive the distillation process
and therefore produces a lower power to water production ratio.
 
 A simplified flow Sheet of an extraction turbine steam station connected to an MSF distiller is
shown in Figure 3. The cycle used is a Rankine cycle, with two feed heaters, one heated by a bleed
taken from the inter-mediate pressure turbine and the other by steam extracted in between the
intermediate and low pressure turbines. By heating the feed in this way, the amount of heating
needed in the boiler is reduced. This has been achieved by preventing the latent heat of the bled
steam from being wasted at the condenser As the steam has already contributed to the power
output of the turbine, the efficiency of the cycle is increased. For best economy roughly equal
temperature rises are designed into each feed heating stage .The process steam to drive the distiller
is also extracted at this juncture. The arrangement of an extraction-condensing turbine permits
only a fraction of the steam be supplied to the desalting plant while the balance continues its
expansion to the condensing section to produce more work. The condenser and bled steam piping
to the low pressure heaters is or can be below atmospheric pressure, under which condition air can
leak in. This air must be removed to prevent corrosion in the boiler, so the condensate is passed
into a deaerator for this purpose, and the deaerator also acts as a feed heating stage.
As in the case of a backpressure steam turbine, substantial turndown can be achieved by bypassing steam around the
steam turbine. (Al Nashar Review). The arrangement of an extraction-condensing turbine is characterized by its good
flexibility where power to water ratio can be varied from values twice as those for the back pressure turbine to very
high values up to (almost) single purpose operation with respect to power.
Schematic diagram of Gas turbine plus unfired heat recovery steam generator plus auxiliary boiler
connected to desalination plant (GT-HRSG)
 Schematic diagram of a dual purpose combined gas/steam power plant
(Gas turbine plus heat recovery steam generator plus backpressure steam turbine connected to desalination plant (CC-
BP))
 

Air

Air

Air

17
 Typical power to water ratios for different technologies
Technology PWR (MW installed/Million Imperial Gallopns per
day)
Steam turbine BTG-MED 3.5
Steam turbine BTG-MSF 5
Steam turbine EST-MED 7
Steam turbine EST-MSF 10
Gas turbine GT-HRSG-MED 6
Gas turbine GT-HRSF-MSF 8
Combine cycle BTG-MED 10
Combine cycle BTG- MSF 16
Combine cycle EST-MED 12
Combine cycle EST-MSF 19

18
 Saline Water Conversion Corporation
Saline Water Desalination Research Institute

HYBRID CONCEPTS
Schematic diagram of dual purpose hybrid MSF/SWRO
desalination plant.

Post treatment
 Simple Hybrid Technology : Case 1

In the hybrid MSFIRO desalination power process,

seawater RO plant is combined with either a new or an
existing dual-purpose MSF/power plant in the simplest
possible manner. In this case, the quality design limit of
the RO plant design product takes into account the
existing MSF Plant.
IN the simple hybrid concept . RO product water is
combined with MSF product water. The RO product water
standards can be lowered (i.e. higher TDS) so that a
higher recovery ratio for the RO units can be specified.
This results in lower cost for the product water.
21
 HYBRID DESALINATION BENEFITS

• Hybrid desalination systems integrating thermal and membrane desalination process with power
generation in the same site are currently considered a viable alternative to dual evaporation
plants.
• The advantages of triple hybrid power- MSF-SWRO over the dual power-MSF and single purpose
MSF or RO plants were numerious .
• Integrating a seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) unit with a multistage flash distiller provides the
opportunity to blend the products of the two processes. Such arrangement allows operating the
RO unit with relatively high TDS and consequently allows lowering the replacement rate of the
membranes. If the useful life of the RO membrane can be extended from 3 to 5 years the annual
membrane replacement cost can be reduced by nearly 40% . Blending the products of the
thermal and SWRO allows for the use of a single stage SWRO instead of the two stage SWRO plant
normally employed in standalone SWRO plants.
• Combining thermal and membranes desalination plant in the same site will allow using common
intake and outfall facilities with less capital cost.
• An integrated pretreatment and post-treatment operation can reduce cost and chemicals.
HYBRID DESALINATION BENEFITS

• During cooler seasons, the preheated seawater leaving the heat

rejection of the MSF distiller or the last effect of the MED plant can be
used as feed water for RO plant. Increase of seawater feed
temperature by one degree centigrade will increase the water
production of SWRO by 3%. It has been reported that a 42–48% gain
in RO pro- duct water recovery was obtained for seawater feed
temperature of 33ºC compared to an isolated RO plant using surface
seawater temperature at a temperature of 15ºC.
Dual purpose power/water plant incorporating combined power cycle generation
integrated with hybrid MSF/SWRO desalination plant.

Fuel in
GAS CYCLE
Combustion 1100 oC
Chamber
Power Output
Compressor Gas Turbine

Air in Exhaust gases 600 oC

Waste Heat Boiler 500 oC
Power Output
STEAM CYCLE Steam
Turbine
150 oC Cooling
Seawater
Rejection Section
Recovery Section Reject
Seawater in
Brine
Heater Blowdown

Recycle Brine
REVERSE
OSMOSIS Product Water
 THERMAL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR
ASSESSMENT OF DUAL PURPOSE PLANTS

FIRST LAW LOGIC FUEN ENERGY SAVING FACTOR

Conventional First Utilization Factor

Law Efficiency

Wnet Wnet + Qd
= UF =
Q f Q f
Dual purpose power/water plant

Qd 10.8 MW
Qd
 First law efficiency ()

Wnet
 
Qf Wnet

Qf =Fuel supply to boiler, kJ/s

Wnet =Rate of power output, kW Qf

The efficiency term () does not

consider the benefits of the heat
added to the desalting plant, so it
underestimates the performance of
the dual purpose plant.

Overall Cycle efficiency

Wnet = 104.445/447.375 =0.233 (23.3%)

 
Qf
 Utilization factor (UF)
Wnet  Qd Qf = Fuel supply to boiler, kJ/
UF  Wnet = Rate of power output, kJ/s
Qf
Q= Heat supplied to the desalination plant, kJ/s

Qd = total thermal energy consumed by the desalter

Qd = 355.5 +5.56-61.3=299.76 MW
UF= (104.45+ 299.76)/447.373= 0.9 (90%)
 FUEL ENERGY SAVING FACTOR (FESF)

Dual-purpose plants reduce the consumption of fuel when compared to the fuel
needed for two separate power and water plants.

FUEL ENERGY SAVED = (Fuel energy required by single purpose conventional power
plant) + (Fuel energy required by single purpose water plant coupled directly to a
conventional boiler) – [Fuel energy requirement of a dual purpose plant]

FUEL ENERGY SAVED = ∆Qf = [(Qd/ b ) + (Wnet/ f )] - Qf

FUEL ENERGY SAVING FACTOR=FESF = [(Qd/ b ) + (Wnet/ f )] - Qf

[(Qd/ b ) + (Wnet/ f )
 FUEL ENERGY SAVING
FACTOR (FESF)
FUEL ENERGY SAVING FACTOR=FESF = [(Qd/ b ) + (Wnet/ f )] - Qf
[(Qd/ b ) + (Wnet/ f )

Qd = 355.5 +5.56-61.3=299.76 MW
Wnet = 104.445 MW
b=standalone boiler efficiency =90%
f = standalone power plant efficiency =35%
 FUEL ENERGY SAVING
FACTOR (FESF)

FUEL ENERGY SAVING FACTOR=FESF = [(Qd/ b ) + (Wnet/ f )] - Qf

[(Qd/ b ) + (Wnet/ f )

• Qd = 355.5 +5.56-61.3=299.76 MW 333

• Wnet = 104.445 MW 298.4
• b=standalone boiler efficiency =90%
• f = standalone power plant efficiency =35%
• Qf= total thermal input of dual purpose =447.37 MW

FUEL ENERGY SAVING FACTOR=FESF =( 333 MW +298.4 MW) -447.37 MW

( 333 MW +298.4 MW)

FUEL ENERGY SAVING FACTOR=FESF =631.4MW-447.37 MW

( 631.4MW)
FUEL ENERGY SAVING FACTOR=FESF =29.1 %
 Single purpose
Fuel
Dual purpose
requirements
Fuel
requirements =631 MW
=447 MW
28%reduction Dual Single
Purpose Purpose
100 MW
Electricity 298 MW
243 MW
(18% reduction)

Dual Single
Purpose Purpose
Water Production
204 MW 15 MIGD 333 MW
(37% reduction)

Thermal Benefits of Cogeneration Plants