Cargo

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Cargo
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Packed/General Cargo
a. break bulk,
b. neo bulk
c. unitizised cargo.
 Break Bulk – is typically when goods is packed in

boxes, bags, barrels, crates, drums & on pallets.
 Ship type used: bulk carriers.
 Neo Bulk – is typically lumber, paper, steel, cars &

trucks.
 Ship type used: bulk carriers but also specialised ro-
ro.
 Unitized Cargo – is typically cargo that is packed in

containers. Ship type used: container.
Unpacked/Bulk Cargo
a. Liquid/Wet Bulk - is typically petroleum, gasoline,
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas), liquid chemicals…
 Ships used for liquid bulk are tankers.
 b. Dry Bulk - is typically coal, grain, iron ore…

 Ship type used: bulk carrier.
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Cargo stowage
A. shoring, blocking off,
B. seizing, lashing,
C. upright
1. side ceiling, side sparring, cargo
battens, grating (not shown),
2. umber boards,
3. floor ceiling,
4. hatch coaming,
5. hatchway,
6. upper ‘tweendeck,
7. lower ‘tweendeck.
8. lower hold (LH), hold, hatch,
6+7+8= hatch
h = deckhead, headroom,
h’ = head under beams,
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 Twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) - standard

unit for describing a ship's cargo carrying
capacity or a shipping terminal cargo handling
capacity .
 A standard forty-foot (40 x 8 x 8 feet) container

equals two TEUs (each 20 x 8 x 8 feet).
 Bale capacity – is the cubic capacity of a space

Triple-E mega ships will be based on the three when the breadth is taken from the inside of the
main purposes for their creation: Economy of
scale, Energy efficiency & Environmentally cargo battens, the depth from the wood ceiling to
improved (2013-2015, Korea's DSME shipyard ). the underside of the deck beams, and the length
from the inside of the bulkhead stiffeners or
sparring where fitted.
 Grain capacity – is the cubic capacity of a space

when the lengths, breadths and depths are taken
right to the plating.
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 Stowage factor –is the ratio of weight to stowage space
required under normal conditions.
 It indicates how many cubic meters one metric ton of a

particular type of cargo occupies in a hold, taking account of
unavoidable stowage losses in the means of transport or the
CTU (Cargo Transport Unit).
 Usually expressed as cubic meters per tonnes (m³/tonne) or

cubic feet per ton (cu.ft.ton).
 Broken stowage –is the space between packages which

remain unfilled.
 The percentage that has to be allowed varies with the type of

cargo and with the shape of the hold. It is greatest when large
cases have to be stowed in an end hold.
 Deadweight cargo – is cargo on which freight is usually

charged on its weight.
 Cargo stowing less than 1.2 m³/tonne (40 cu.ft./ton) is likely

to be rated as deadweight cargo.
 Measurement cargo – is cargo on which freight is usually

charged on the volume occupied by the cargo.
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Angle of repose
 When bulk cargo is loaded by “pouring”
on to a fiat surface, it forms an angle
between the cone slope of the cargo
and a horizontal plane.
 Low angles of repose indicate that the

Angle
bulk cargo is prone to shifting at sea. of
repose
 The IMO “Code of Safe Practices for Bulk

Cargoes” (the “Bulk Code”)
distinguishes between cargoes having
angles of repose less than % greater
than 35 degrees.
 For cargoes with a smaller angle of

repose the Code recommends level
trimming and filling in of spaces in
which they are loaded.
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Before loading cargo the following preparations

should be made:
 Holds and ‘tween decks thoroughly swept down.
 All dunnage removed from cargo spaces or stowed at one end and covered.
 Bilges should be cleaned and sweetened, bilge suctions tested.
 Cement chocks at the top of the bilge and ‘tween decks should be examined and
found or placed in good condition.
 Limber boards should be covered with separation clothes so as to prevent the

bulk getting into the bilges.
 All hatch beams should be in position. The condition of hatch boards should be
checked.
 Shifting boards should be rigged where required.
 Fire extinguishers tested.

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Ship’s cargo operation gear

Ship's gantry cranes
 very flexible from the operation point of view
 very easily travel from the forward to after part of a ship, on the laid
down track ways.
Some general parts of a gantry crane :

 gantry arms
 gantry legs
 gantry sprocket teeth head (a device like a wheel with one or more rows of
tooth-like parts sticking out which keeps a chain moving)
 wheels
 spreaders
 traversing trolley
 hoisting and lowering head
 hatch cover lifting base
 hydraulic ramps
 curtains
The main purpose of dual cranes is to achieve the highest out turn
rates in the minimum time.
These two sets of the cranes can work simultaneously but on the two
different cargo holds depending upon the size criteria of the crane and
cargo holds.
Best outturn is achieved when both the cranes are working well apart
with ample clearance between them. Ship with two gantry cranes
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The gantry crane tracks i.e. the platform on which the gantry crane runs.
These include the sprocket teeth head tracks and the track way for the wheels of
the gantry.
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• Radial head cranes
• easy to operate because
• fixed in one place and only their

head moves all round for the cargo
operation on the cargo holds.
ship with radial head crane

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1. crane pedestal (or crane

post),
2. bolted connection,
3. fixed lower structure,
4. superstructure (or crane
body, or revolving super-
structure),
5. slewing ring,
6. driving cab,
7. crane boom,
8. heel pin or boom heel pin,
9. topping cylinder,
10. cargo runner (or hoisting
rope, or lifting rope),
11. head built-in cargo sheaves,
12. crane top built-in cargo
sheaves,
13. cargo winch,
14. rope terminal (thimble),
15. shackle,
16. swivel,
17. link,
18. cargo hook
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Port cargo handling equipment

high efficiency with minimal impact on the environment through advanced
technology  ship unloaders and loaders are based on a unique screw
conveyor technology, in combination with belt conveyors &
can handle virtually any dry bulk cargo.
 enclosed conveying line for environment-friendly operation.
 supplied in rail-mounted, port mobile, road mobile,

stationary, & ship-based versions.
Rail yard and port cargo handling equipment
 e.g.
 a new generation of 'eco-friendly' efficient pure car truck
carrier (PCTCs )are entering service;
 they feature MacGregor RoRo access outfits & are the
world's first car carriers to have all of their RoRo
equipment electrically-driven.
The 4,000-unit pure car truck carrier (PCTC), Iris Ace,

is owned and operated by Japanese company, Mitsui
O.S.K. Lines Ltd (MOL) and features an electrically-
driven MacGregor stern quarter ramp/door, side
ramps and two movable ramps from Cargotec.
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Bulk cargo handling equipment

Timber
dry bulk cargoes - handling facilities may be in the grab
form of:
 power-propelled conveyor belts, usually fed at the
landward end by a hopper (a very large container
on legs) or
 grabs, which may be magnetic for handling ores,

fixed to a high capacity travelling crane or Hopper
travelling gantries.
 These gantries move not only parallel to the quay,

but also run back for considerable distances, and
cover a large stacking area.
 These two types of equipment are suitable for

handling coal and ores.
 In the case of bulk sugar or when the grab is also

used, the sugar would be discharged into a hopper
feeding by gravity a railway wagon or road vehicle
below.
Gantry crane
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General cargo handling equipment
Board sling – rope passes through holes in the 4 corners

of wooden board which is a platform for lifting goods.
8-sided net :
8 lifting points Rope sling – ends of a rope are joined together to
help contain cargo form a loop. It is slung around cargo in bags/bales.
better than a
square net.
Chain sling put around logs or steel products such

as beams to be lifted by crane. A ring and a hook at
ends.
Car sling – made of

rope or wire, has a
spreader from which
Nets have an eye at each end of corners for lifting with a two slings are, in turn,
hook. For cargo not easily susceptible for damage. suspended.

Cargo

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1

 Break Bulk – is typically when goods is packed in

 Neo Bulk – is typically lumber, paper, steel, cars &

 Unitized Cargo – is typically cargo that is packed in

 b. Dry Bulk - is typically coal, grain, iron ore…

 Twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) - standard

 A standard forty-foot (40 x 8 x 8 feet) container

 Bale capacity – is the cubic capacity of a space

 Grain capacity – is the cubic capacity of a space

 It indicates how many cubic meters one metric ton of a

 Usually expressed as cubic meters per tonnes (m³/tonne) or

 Broken stowage –is the space between packages which

 The percentage that has to be allowed varies with the type of

 Deadweight cargo – is cargo on which freight is usually

 Cargo stowing less than 1.2 m³/tonne (40 cu.ft./ton) is likely

 Measurement cargo – is cargo on which freight is usually

 Low angles of repose indicate that the

 The IMO “Code of Safe Practices for Bulk

 For cargoes with a smaller angle of

Before loading cargo the following preparations

 Bilges should be cleaned and sweetened, bilge suctions tested.

 Limber boards should be covered with separation clothes so as to prevent the

 Shifting boards should be rigged where required.

 Fire extinguishers tested.

Ship’s cargo operation gear

Some general parts of a gantry crane :

• Radial head cranes

• easy to operate because

• fixed in one place and only their

ship with radial head crane

1. crane pedestal (or crane

Port cargo handling equipment

 enclosed conveying line for environment-friendly operation.

 supplied in rail-mounted, port mobile, road mobile,

The 4,000-unit pure car truck carrier (PCTC), Iris Ace,

Bulk cargo handling equipment

 grabs, which may be magnetic for handling ores,

 These gantries move not only parallel to the quay,

 These two types of equipment are suitable for

 In the case of bulk sugar or when the grab is also

General cargo handling equipment

Board sling – rope passes through holes in the 4 corners

Chain sling put around logs or steel products such

Car sling – made of

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