William Modesto S.

Masangkay
 Physiology

 from Ancient Greek φύσις (physis) 'nature, origin', and -

λογία (-logia) 'study of’
 is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a 
living system.
 As a sub-discipline of biology, physiology focuses on how 
organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and 
biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions in a
living system.
 Physiology is the study of how the human body
works under normal conditions.
 You use physiology when you exercise, read,
breathe, eat, sleep, move or do just about
anything.
Physiology is generally divided into ten physiological organ systems:
 the cardiovascular system
 the digestive system
 the endocrine system
 the immune system
 the muscular system
 the nervous system
 the renal system
 the reproductive system
 the respiratory system
 the skeletal system
Cardiovascular
system
The cardiovascular system is
made up of your heart and lots of
blood vessels. The job of the
cardiovascular system is to pump
blood around your body, bringing
oxygen and other nutrients to the
cells, and removing waste
products
Digestive system

The digestive system is made up

of many organs, including the
stomach and intestines that break
down food that you eat into
nutrients your body can use.
Endocrine system

The endocrine system is made

up of many glands throughout the
body that secrete chemicals
called hormones. The job of the
endocrine system is to regulate
the internal environment of the
body, including growth and
metabolism.
Immune system

The immune system is made up

of a series of defense
mechanisms that protect your
body from outside invaders and
defend against disease.
Muscular system

Your muscles make up your

muscular system, which allows
you to move, aids in posture, and
sustains life.
Nervous system

The nervous system is made up

of your brain, spinal cord, and a
system of nerves that extend
throughout your body. The
nervous system acts as the
control center for all of the other
physiological systems and allows
for communication between the
systems.
Renal system

The renal system is primarily

made up of the kidneys, with
several accessory organs. The job
of the renal system is to regulate
the composition of fluids in the
body, and excrete the remaining
unneeded components.
Reproductive
system
The reproductive system is made
of gonads, or sex organs, and
many other accessories and
supporting organs. The ultimate
goal of the reproductive system is
the production of offspring from
the egg and sperm and the
survival of the species. The male
and female reproductive systems
are very different, but both are
necessary for successful
reproduction.
Respiratory
system
The respiratory system is made
up of your lungs and a system of
airways that connect your lungs
to the outside. The job of the
respiratory system is to allow
oxygen into the body and to
remove carbon dioxide from the
body.
Skeletal
system
Your skeletal system is made up
of your bones, joints, cartilage,
and connective tissues.
The Physiologic Support System
 Muscular System

The muscular system is the biological

system of humans that produces movement.
The muscular system, in vertebrates, is
controlled through the nervous system,
although some muscles, like cardiac muscle,
can be completely autonomous
There are three basic types of muscles in the body:
1.Cardiac 2. Skeletal 3. Smooth
Skeletal muscle, which involves
muscles from the skeletal tissue,
is arranged in discrete groups.
An example is the biceps brachii.
It is connected by tendons to
processes of the skeleton.
Smooth muscle or “involuntary muscle”
consists of spindle shaped muscle cells found
within the walls of organs and structures such as
the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi,
uterus, ureters, bladder, and blood vessels.
Smooth muscle cells contain only one nucleus
and no striations.
Cardiac muscle is also an
“involuntary muscle” but it is
striated in structure and
appearance. Like smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle cells contain only
one nucleus. Cardiac muscle is
found only within the heart.
Skeletal muscle or “voluntary
muscle” is anchored by tendons
to the bone and is used to effect
skeletal movement such as
locomotion. Skeletal muscle cells
are multinucleated with the
nuclei peripherally located.
Skeletal muscle is called
‘striated’ because of the
longitudinally striped appearance
under light microscopy
Functions of the skeletal muscle include:
o Support of the body
o Aids in bone movement
o Helps maintain a constant temperature throughout the
body
o Assists with the movement of cardiovascular and
lymphatic vessels through contractions
o Protection of internal organs and contributing to joint
stability
 Skeletal System

The skeletal system not only

helps to provide movement
and support but also serves
as a storage area for calcium
and inorganic salts and a
source of blood cells.
The adult human body has
206 bones in a variety of
shapes and sizes.
 Basically, there are 4 types of
bones categorized according to
shape
:

Long bones have

a long longitudinal
axis
Short bones have a
short longitudinal axis
and are more cube-like.
Flat bones are thin and
curved such as some of
the bones of the skull.
Irregular bones are
often found in
groups and have a
variety of shapes and
sizes.
 BONE MARROW

Bone marrow is located in the medullary (marrow)

cavity of long bones and in some spongy bones. There
are 2 kinds of marrow. Red marrow exists in the bones
of infants and children. It is called red because it
contains a large number of red blood cells. In adults
the red marrow is replaced by yellow marrow. It is
called yellow because it contains a large proportion of
fat cells. Yellow marrow decreases its ability to form
new red blood cells. However, not all adult bones
contain yellow marrow. The following bones continue to
contain red marrow and produce red blood cells:
 Proximal end of humerus
 Ribs
 Bodies of vertebrae
 Pelvis
 Femur
The Skeleton

The skeleton is divided into 2 sections:

The axial and appendicular sections
 The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine,
ribcage, and sacrum and is indicated in blue
 The appendicular skeleton is indicated with red
labels.
 Integumentary System
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, the
subcutaneous tissue below the skin, and assorted glands.

The most obvious function of the integumentary system is the

protection that the skin gives to underlying tissues.

The skin not only keeps most harmful substances out, but also
prevents the loss of fluids.
A major function of the subcutaneous tissue is to
connect the skin to underlying tissues such as muscles.

Hair on the scalp provides insulation from cold for the head

The hair of eyelashes and eyebrows helps keep dust and

perspiration out of the eyes,

and the hair in our nostrils helps keep dust out of the nasal
cavities.

Nails protect the tips of fingers and toes from mechanical

injury.

Fingernails give the fingers greater ability to pick up small

objects.
 THE SKIN
 The skin is often known as “the largest
organ in the human body.”
 This applies to exterior surface, as it covers
the body, appearing to have the largest
surface area of all the organs.
 Moreover, it applies to weight, as it weighs
more than any single internal organ,
accounting for about 15 percent of body
weight.
 For the average adult human, the skin has a
surface area of between 1.5-2.0 square
meters,most of it is between 2–3 mm thick.
 The average square inch of skin holds 650
sweat glands, 20 blood vessels, 60,000
melanocytes, and more than a thousand
nerve endings.
 Layers

 The skin has two major

layers which are made of
different tissues and have
very different functions.
 Skin is composed of
the epidermis and
the dermis.
 Below these layers lies
the hypodermis or
subcutaneous adipose
layer, which is not usually
classified as a layer of skin.
Functions
 Protection: Skin gives an anatomical barrier between the internal and
external environment in bodily defense; Langerhans cells in the skin are
part of the immune system
 Sensation: Skin contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat,
cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury
 Heat regulation: The skin contains a blood supply far greater than its
requirements which allows precise control of energy loss by radiation,
convection and conduction. Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion and
heat loss while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow
and conserve heat. Erector pili muscles are significant in animals.
 Hair
Humans have three different types of hair:
 Lanugo, the fine, unpigmented hair that covers nearly the entire body of
a fetus, although most has been replaced with vellus by the time of the
baby’s birth
 Vellus hair, the short, downy, “peach fuzz” body hair (also unpigmented)
that grows in most places on the human body. While it occurs in both
sexes, and makes up much of the hair in children, men have a much
smaller percentage (around 10%) vellus whereas 2/3 of a female’s hair
is vellus.
 Terminal hair, the fully developed hair, which is generally longer,
coarser, thicker, and darker than vellus hair, and often is found in
regions such as the axillary, male beard, and pubic.
 Nails

 The fingernail is an important structure

made of keratin. The fingernail
generally serve two purposes.
 It serves as a protective plate and
enhances sensation of the fingertip.
 The protection function of the
fingernail is commonly known, but the
sensation function is equally important.
 The fingertip has many nerve endings
in it allowing us to receive volumes of
information about objects we touch.
 The nail acts as a counterforce to the
fingertip providing even more sensory
input when an object is touched.
 GLANDS
The sebaceous glands are glands found in
the skin of mammals. They secrete an oily
substance called sebum 
(Latin, meaning fat or tallow) that is made of
fat (lipids) and the debris of dead fat-producing
cells.
These glands exist in humans throughout the
skin except in the palms of the hands and
soles of the feet.
Sebum acts to protect and waterproof hair and
skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle,
and cracked. It can also inhibit the growth of
microorganisms on skin.
Sweat Glands
In humans, there are two kinds of sweat glands
which differ greatly in both the composition of
the sweat and its purpose.

Eccrine sweat glands are exocrine glands

distributed over the entire body surface but are
particularly abundant on the palms of hands,
soles of feet, and on the forehead.
 These produce sweat that is composed chiefly
of water (99%) with various salts. The primary
function is body temperature regulation.
Ceruminous glands

 Earwax, also known by the medical

term cerumen, is a yellowish, waxy
substance secreted in the ear canal of
humans and many other mammals.
 It plays a vital role in the human ear canal,
assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and
also provides some protection from
bacteria, fungus, and insects.  
 Excess or impacted cerumen can press
against the eardrum and/or occlude the
external auditory canal and impair hearing.
Mammary Glands

Mammary glands are the

organs that, in the female
mammal, produce milk for the
sustenance of the young. T
These exocrine glands are
enlarged and modified sweat
glands and are the characteristic
of mammals which gave the class
its name.
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