Errors of Refraction - Presbyopia, Astigmatism
Errors of Refraction - Presbyopia, Astigmatism
Errors of Refraction - Presbyopia, Astigmatism
astigmatism
Lucija Franušić
Refraction
eye =optical system
focuses light entering through cornea
passing via the pupil
formation of an image on the retina
optical process of vision = light passing from one
transparent medium to another of different optical density
changes its speed and direction of movement =refraction
refraction = ability of the eye to visualize a distant object
by formation of a clear image on the retina
Errors of refraction
emmetropia state when the lens of the eye is relaxed
and an object at least at a distance >6m is sharply focused
on the retina and clearly visualized
ametropia state when the images of distant objects are
not clearly focused upon the retina (too far forward, too
far back etc.)
Presbyopia/ the Ageing eye
accommodation enables the eye to
have flexibility of focus (ability to see
both distant and near objects clearly)
the amplitude of accommodation
gradually diminishes throughout life
2. irregular astigmatismit
cannot be corrected- can
only be improved by rigid
contact lenses
Michaella Lynn, M.D
1. methods
examination under anesthesia, including keratometry,
was performed at the time of enrollment and at
approximately 1 year of age and again at 5 years of age
followed until age 5 years
Results
24 treated eyes (46%) wore silicone elastomer (SE)
contact lenses,11 eyes (19%) rigid gas permeable (GP)
contact lenses,17 eyes (29%) wore both lens types at
various points of time
the mean rate of decrease in keratometric power was less
in eyes that wore GP lenses (0.10 D/mo.) compared to
eyes wearing SE lenses (0.22 D/mo.)
thirteen contact lens-related adverse events occurred
among 7 patients after age 1 year
Conclusion
cohort of infants with unilateral aphakia successfully wore
contact lenses with relatively few adverse events
the GP lens prevents the cornea from flattening and has a
better effect than SE lens
contact lenses provide a safe and effective treatment for
infantile unilateral aphakia and are the recommended
method of correction during the first six months of life
based on equal visual outcomes with primary intraocular
lens implantation