Proses dan Prospek dalam

Fenomena Urbanisasi Dunia dan

yang Terjadi di Indonesia
Fadjar Hari Mardiansjah
 Outline
• Proses dan Prospek Urbanisasi Dunia
• Proses dan Prospek Urbanisasi di Indonesia
• Pelajaran yang Bisa Diambil
Proses dan Prospek Urbanisasi Dunia
 Ancient Urbanization
• Ancient Urbanization:
– Urbanization began in ancient Mesopotamia in the Uruk
Period (4300-3100 BCE)
– Urbanization was also existed in ancient Indus Valley:
• Harappa (Punjab), Mohenjo-daro (Sindh), Rupar (Punjab) were
the main city centres.
• Pre- Harappan (4th millennia - 2600 BC), Mature Harappa
(towards 1900 BCE) & then, decline (1750 BCE).
– Urbanization spread from Mesopotamia to Egypt and,
from there, to Greece (1350 BCE)
– China..? Maya..? Others..?
 “Modern” Urbanization
• First wave Urbanization (1750 – 1950):
– originated in Britain, after the industrial revolution
– In Britain, the urbanization rate jumped from 17% in 1801 to 54% in 1891,
– Then spread to other modern states in (Western) Europe in the course of the
19th century
– the number of people living in cities rise from 15-million people to 423-million.
– Most of the expanding urban population were in the developed world and most of the
new arrivals were absorbed by the rapidly industrializing economies of these big
nations.
• Second wave Urbanization (1950 – now):
– It is very different to the first wave
– Most of the urbanization will take place in the cities of the south, including in Africa.
– the numbers of people arriving in cities is expected to increase from just under half a
billion to almost four billion people by 2030.
– This has enormous implications for governments, policy planners, scholars and of
course for those people themselves.
– Inequality and income generation will become increasingly critical. as literally billions
of people cram into cities and towns in search of work,.
The World’s Population Growth
The World’s Population Growth
The World’s (Total and Urban) Population
Growth
Projection of the World Population until 2100
(https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/)
 The World’s Urbanisation Prospects
• 1970s : The urban population
of developing countries began
to exceed the number in
developed countries

• 2008: urban population of the

world is estimated begin to
exceed the number of non-
urban population for the first
time in history

• 2010s: for the first time in

history, more than half of urban
population in developing
countries will be living in their
urban areas
• The 21st century is the century became an urban century
• Most of the world's urban population will live in cities in developing countries, especially
in Asia
Perbandingan Tingkat Kontribusi Urban
Population
 Perkiraan Pertambahan
Penduduk Perkotaan
2018 – 2050 (2,5 Milyar)
• Dunia akan meperoleh hampir 2,5
milyar penduduk perkotaan baru
antara tahun 2018 hingga 2090.
• India merupakan negara yang paling
banyak memiliki pertembahan ini
(416 juta), disusul China (255 juta),
dan Nigeria (189 juta).
• Indonesia berada di urutan ke-6,
setelah Banglades dan Kongo, akan
memiliki lebih dari 50 juta penduduk
perkotaan baru.
• Delapan negara (bersama Pakistan
dan USA) akan menyumbang sekitar
setengah penduduk perkotaan
tersebut di antara tahun 2018 dan
2050.
 World Urban Population Growth by City
Size
• The world urban population is
not distributed evenly among
cities of different sizes.
• Over half of the world’s 3.6
billion urban dwellers (50.9
per cent) lived in cities or
towns with fewer than half a
million inhabitants.
• Small cities account for:
– 55 % of the urban population in
the developed regions, and
– 50.2 % of that in the less
developed regions.
World Urban Population Growth by City Size
The World’s Urban Centers
 The World’s Largest Cities
(Cities with more than 10 million inhabitants)
The World’s Largest Cities
(Cities with more than 10 million inhabitants)
 The World’s Largest Cities (Cont.)
(Cities with more than 10 million inhabitants)
The World’s Largest Cities
CITY
POPULATION
Tokyo, Japan .......................................................... 34.450
Mexico City, Mexico ............................................... 18.066
(millions)
New York-Newark, USA ......................................... 17.846
São Paulo, Brazil .................................................... 17.099
Mumbai (Bombay), India ......................................... 16.086
Calcutta, India ......................................................... 13.058
Shanghai, China ..................................................... 12.887
Buenos Aires, Argentina ......................................... 12.583
Delhi, India .............................................................. 12.441
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, USA ............ 11.814
 URBAN AREA
Land area within city limits
Area: 6200 km² (2418 sq mi)
SHANGHAI Population: 14 million
Density: 2.258,1 inhabitants/km²

MEXICO CITY Area: 1,487 km² (574 sq mi)

Population: 9.8 million
Density: 6.590,5 inhabitants/km²
Area: 217.4 km² (83.9 sq mi)
SEATTLE Population: 570,800
Density: 2.625,6 inhabitants/km²
Area: 661.5 km² (255.45 sq mi)
DKI JAKARTA Population: 9.608 million (2010)
Density: 14.524,6 inhabitants/km²
URBAN POPULATION GROWTH
IN INDONESIA
 Urbanization in Indonesia
Urban population in
Indonesia has grown from
only 2,8 million in 1920 to
about 120 millions in 2010

Urban population in
Indonesia is expected
to continue to grow to
about 200 millions in
2035
 Annual Growth and Absolute Increase in
Urbanization in Indonesia

Average Annual Increase Annual Absolute Increase

  Total Pop. Urban Pop. Rural Pop. Total Pop. Urban Pop. Rural Pop.
1920-1930 2.33% 5.02% 2.15% 1,138,300 155,400 982,900
1930-1961 1.58% 4.31% 1.24% 1,253,724 383,448 870,276
1961-1971 2.24% 3.32% 2.02% 2,137,500 528,300 1,609,200
1971-1980 2.73% 5.90% 1.96% 3,163,878 1,343,311 1,820,567
1980-1990 2.19% 5.98% 0.86% 3,169,630 2,257,900 911,730
1990-2000 1.46% 4.90% -0.46% 2,482,480 2,981,040 -498,560
2000-2010 1.74% 3.71% 0.10% 3,418,533 3,307,606 110,927
2010-2015 1.80% 3.47% 0.05% 3,508,164 3,458,566 49,598
2015-2020* 1.52% 3.18% -0.46% 3,176,851 3,616,313 -439,461
2020-2025* 1.25% 2.69% -0.74% 2,752,520 3,440,550 -688,030
2025-2030* 1.00% 2.40% -1.22% 2,315,220 3,404,687 -1,089,467
2030-2035* 0.77% 2.02% -1.51% 1,849,460 3,128,733 -1,279,273
INTER-REGIONAL COMPARISON
 Urban
Population
Distribution in
Indonesia
• Still highly
concentrated in
Java
• Will
decentralisation
policy bring
impacts in
balancing urban
population
distribution in
Indonesia?
• Or it will
strengthen the
urbanization
concentration in
Java?
Urban Population Distribution in Indonesia,
2000 - 2010
 Distribution of urban and total populations
in Indonesia, 2015
Urban
Area Urban Population Total Urbanization Pop. Density
Region Contribution
(km2) Population Population Level (%) (inhab./km2)
(%)
67.0%
Java 130,045 90,825,696 145,013,573
62.6% 1,115.1
16.8%
Sumatra 486,064 22,848,775 55,198,752
41.4% 113.6
5.1%
Sulawesi 193,649 6,892,367 18,702,298
36.9% 96.6
5.1%
Kalimantan 571,509 6,864,938 15,320,017
44.8% 26.8
4.4%
Nusa Tenggara 67,632 5,998,627 14,091,466
42.6% 208.4
Papua 424,500 1,191,056 0.9% 4,011,907 29.7% 9.5
Maluku 92,310 991,627 0.7% 2,844,131 34.9% 30.8
100%
Indonesia 1,965,709 135,613,086 255,182,144
53.1% 129.8
CITY-BASED URBANIZATION
 Municipal Cities in Indonesia 2010
More than one million cities in Indonesia 2010:
No City Province Men Women Total Sex ratio (%)

1 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 4 859 272 4 728 926 9 588 198 102,76
2 Surabaya Jawa Timur 1 367 159 1 398 749 2 765 908 97,74
3 Bandung Jawa Barat 1 213 718 1 179 915 2 393 633 102,86
4 Bekasi Jawa Barat 1 182 496 1 153 993 2 336 489 102,47
5 Medan Sumut 1 040 680 1 068 659 2 109 339 97,38
6 Tangerang Banten 919 638 878 077 1 797 715 104,73
7 Depok Jawa Barat 879 325 857 240 1 736 565 102,58
8 Semarang Jawa Tengah 762 621 791 157 1 553 778 96,39
9 Palembang Sumsel 726 328 726 512 1 452 840 99,97
10 Makasar Sul-Selatan 661 379 677 995 1 339 374 97,55
11 Tangerang Selatan Banten 658 701 644 868 1 303 569 102,15

Population of million cities 14 271 317 14 106 091 28 377 408 101,17

• Only 11 cities in Indonesia that has more than 1 million population each
• Total population in the eleven million cities was: 28,4 juta jiwa
 Municipal Cities in Indonesia 2010
No Kota Propinsi Laki-laki Perempuan Total Sex ratio (%)
12 Batam Kep Riau 486 404 463 371 949 775 104,97
13 Bogor Jawa Barat 484 648 464 418 949 066 104,36
14 Pekanbaru Riau 459 533 444 369 903 902 103,41
15 Kota Bandar Lampung Lampung 444 373 435 278 879 651 102,09
16 Padang Sumbar 415 235 418 349 833 584 99,26
17 Malang Jawa Timur 403 961 415 747 819 708 97,17
18 Denpasar Bali 403 026 385 419 788 445 104,57
19 Samarinda KalTim 376 238 349 985 726 223 107,50
20 Tasikmalaya Jawa Barat 320 859 313 565 634 424 102,33
21 Banjarmasin KalSel 312 421 312 974 625 395 99,82
22 Serang Banten 296 806 280 155 576 961 105,94
23 Balikpapan KalTim 289 560 269 636 559 196 107,39
24 Pontianak KalBar 275 612 274 692 550 304 100,33
25 Cimahi Jawa Barat 273 900 267 239 541 139 102,49
26 Jambi Jambi 266 596 262 522 529 118 101,55
27 Surakarta Jawa Tengah 243 363 257 279 500 642 94,59
Jumlah Penduduk Kota 500ribu - 1Juta 5 752 535 5 614 998 11 367 533 102,45

• 16 municipal cities has population about 500.000 to 1 million each (big cities)
• Population of the 16 big municipal cities : 11,4 millions
• So the urban population in big and million municipal cities in Indonesia : 39,7 millions
from the 118,3 millions national urban population
• 78,6 millions urban population (66,4% ) live in small and medium cities
 The Smallest Municipalities
Ten smallest municipal cities in Indonesia :
  1983 1990 2000 2009 2010 2011
Sabang, Kota 23 998 24 400 22 734 29 184 30 653 31 468
Padang Panjang, Kota 35 688 38 700 40 484 56 491 47 008 47 655
Sawahlunto, Kota 14 055 51 500 51 110 54 685 56 866 57 649
Tual, Kota .. .. .. 45 338 58 082 59 943
Solok, Kota 34 685 42 900 48 120 59 837 59 396 60 211
Subulussalam, Kota .. .. .. 66 451 67 446 69 228
Pariaman, Kota .. .. .. 70 726 79 043 80 132
Sungai Penuh, Kota .. .. .. 78 102 82 293 84 673
Sibolga, Kota 63 269 71 800 82 310 96 034 84 481 85 391
Tidore Kepulauan, Kota .. .. .. 82 302 90 055 92 565

With the national urban population of 118,3 millions, and the urban population
in municipal cities (kota) of 52,3 millions:
Indonesia has 66,1 millions urban population (55,9%) live in cities outside the
municipal cities → cities in the kabupaten
Most of the cities in kabupaten is formed by theregion with the administrative
area of DESA (VILLAGES)
URBAN POPULATION IN THE
KABUPATEN
Kabupaten has been the place for urban development
 Regions Urban Population    
Kabupaten Share (%) Municipalities Share (%) Total Share (%) % Urban
1971
- Java 3,100,069 22.6 10,627,800 77.4 13,727,869 66.1 18
- Sumatra 1,115,222 30.1 2,585,013 69.9 3,700,235 17.8 17.7
- Other Regions 1,697,003 50.9 1,640,165 49.1 3,337,168 16.1 15.4
- Indonesia 5,912,294 28.5 14,852,978 71.5 20,765,272 100 17.5
1980
- Java 9,799,682 42.7 13,126,695 57.3 22,926,377 69.8 25.1
- Sumatra 1,890,575 34.5 3,590,913 65.5 5,481,488 16.7 19.6
- Other Regions 2,358,067 53.1 2,079,897 46.9 4,437,964 13.5 15.8
- Indonesia 14,048,324 42.8 18,797,505 57.2 32,845,829 100 22.3
1990
- Java 20,922,127 54.6 17,413,170 45.4 38,335,297 69.2 35.7
- Sumatra 3,634,532 39.1 5,657,215 60.9 9,291,747 16.8 25.5
- Other Regions 4,710,421 60.7 3,051,706 39.3 7,762,127 14 22
- Indonesia 29,267,080 52.8 26,122,091 47.2 55,389,171 100 30.9
2000
- Java 35,716,997 60.3 23,512,343 39.7 59,229,340 68.4 48.8
- Sumatra 6,458,536 44.3 8,122,912 55.7 14,581,448 16.8 33.7
- Other Regions 6,908,188 54 5,882,874 46 12,791,062 14.8 30.7
- Indonesia 49,083,721 56.7 37,518,129 43.3 86,601,850 100 42
2010
- Java 48,822,166 61.1 31,127,688 38.9 79,949,854 67.6 58.5
- Sumatra 8,193,553 41.4 11,594,075 58.6 19,787,628 16.7 39.1
- Other Regions 9,043,521 48.7 9,539,253 51.3 18,582,774 15.7 36.9
- Indonesia 66,059,240 55.8 52,261,016 44.2 118,320,256 100 49.8
Development of Urbanized Kabupaten
 Terima Kasih
Ada Pertanyaan?