CARBOHYDRATES of Biochemistry Lec # 3-6

BIOCHEMISTRTY
TABINDA AZIM
M. PHIL PHARMACOLOGY
1
1. Presentations (1-2)
2. Assignments
3. OHT ( one hr test)
4. Pre mid term
5. Mid term
2
COURSE OBJECTIVES AND OUTLINE
 • To identify the major classes of polymeric

biomolecules and their monomeric building blocks.
 • To explain the specificity of enzymes (biochemical
catalysts), and the chemistry involved in enzyme
action
3
OUTCOMES
 On completion of the course, students will be able to

understand:
 Structure and functions of
 1. Carbohydrates
 2. Proteins
 3. Lipids
 4. ENZYMES
 5. Vitamins
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INTRODUCTION TO CARBOHYDRATES
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TOPICS IN CARBOHYDRATE CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION
2. MONOSHACCHARIDES
3. DISACCHARIDES
4. OLIGOSACCHARIDES
5. POLSACCHARIDES
6. GLYCOCONJUGATES
7. PROTEOGLYCANS
8. GLYCOPROTEINS
9. BIO-SIGNIFICANCE OF CARBOHYDRATES
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CARBOHYDRATES
 Carbohydrates are probably the most abundant and

widespread organic substances in nature, and they are
essential constituents of all living things
 Carbohydrates are formed by green plants from carbon
dioxide and water during the process of photosynthesis
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Functions of carbohydrates
 The main energy source for living organisms

 e.g. sugars energy
 Skeletal elements:
 cell walls of plants i.e. cellulose
 shells of shrimps and external skeletons of insects,fungi
e.g. chitin ( CHITIN is composed of carbohydrate)
 Part of genetic material i.e. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
 RNA ribonucleic acid
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Definition
 carbohydrate is a large biological molecule, or

macromolecule, consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
and oxygen (O) atoms
 usually with a hydrogen: oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in
water)
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Classification of carbohydrates
 The carbohydrates (saccharides) are divided into four chemical

groups depending on the number of sugar units
1) Monosaccharides ( simple sugars they cannot be hydrolyzed
to smaller carbohydrates)
2) Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides covalently linked
3) Oligosaccharides a few monosaccharides covalently linked
4) Polysaccharides consisting of chains of monosaccharide or
disaccharide units
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CARBOHYDRATES
1. SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES
1. Monosaccharrides
2. Disaccharides
2. COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
1. Oligosaccharides
2. Polysaccharides
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Scientific nomenclature of
carbohydrates
 The word saccharide comes from the Greek word (sákkharon),

meaning "sugar.“
 the scientific nomenclature of carbohydrates is complex
 the names of the monosaccharides and disaccharides very often
end in the suffix –ose
 For example
 grape sugar is the monosaccharide glucose
 cane sugar is the disaccharide sucrose
 milk sugar is the disaccharide lactose
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
CARBOHYDRATES
AROUND
US
13
are found in grapes, other fruits, and honey
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CLASSIFICATION OF
MONOSACCHARIDES
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Monosaccharides
 Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, saccharide: sugar

 They are the simplest form of sugar
 usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids
 Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste
 include
1. glucose(C6H12O6), also known as dextrose, grape sugar, and
corn sugar)
2. fructose (fruit sugar)
3. Galactose
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Monosaccharides
 Monosaccharides are the building blocks of

disaccharides
 such as sucrose
 lactose
 and polysaccharides
 such as cellulose
 starch
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Monosaccharides
1. Consist of only one sugar unit or one saccharide

unit, can not be further hydrolyzed
2. Monosaccharides - simple sugars with multiple OH
groups
3. Based on number of carbons (3, 4, 5, 6), a
monosaccharide is a triose, tetrose, pentose or
hexose
20
Monosaccharides
 monosaccharides have this chemical formula:

 Cx(H2O)X
 Different names depending on the number x of carbon atoms they
contain:
 Diose (2)
 triose (3)
 Tetrose (4)
 pentose (5)
 Hexose (6)
 Heptose (7)
 SO on
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CLASSIFICATION OF
MONOSACCHARIDES
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 ALDEHYDE GROUP
 structure R-CHO
 consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double
bonded to oxygen) bonded to hydrogen and an
R group ( side chain gr)
 Many fragrances are aldehydes
 Example formaldehyde
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GLUCOSE FORMULA
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 ALDOSES HAVE AN ALDEHYDE GROUP ATTACHED
 KETOSES HAVE A KETO GROUP ATTACHED
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KETONE GROUP
• is an organic compound with the structure

RC(=O)R‘
• where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-
containing substituents.
• Examples include many sugars (ketoses)
and the industrial solvent acetone.
• Acetone shown in figure
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COMBINING BOTH CLASSIFICATIONS
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Nomenclature
 The nomenclature ending for the monosaccharides is -ose; thus,

the term pentose (pent = five) is used for monosaccharides
containing five carbon atoms
 hexose (hex = six) is used for those containing six.
 In addition, because the monosaccharides contain a chemically
reactive group that is either an aldehydo group , they are
frequently referred to as
 aldopentoses or ketopentoses
 or aldohexoses or ketohexoses
31
Glucose
Glucose is an aldohexose
i.e., it contains six carbon atoms
and the chemically reactive group
is an aldehyde group.
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BIOCHEMISTRTY

 • To identify the major classes of polymeric

 On completion of the course, students will be able to

 Carbohydrates are probably the most abundant and

 The main energy source for living organisms

 carbohydrate is a large biological molecule, or

 The carbohydrates (saccharides) are divided into four chemical

 The word saccharide comes from the Greek word (sákkharon),

 Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, saccharide: sugar

 Monosaccharides are the building blocks of

1. Consist of only one sugar unit or one saccharide

 monosaccharides have this chemical formula:

 KETOSES HAVE A KETO GROUP ATTACHED

• is an organic compound with the structure

 The nomenclature ending for the monosaccharides is -ose; thus,

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