Design and Detailing of Retaining Walls
Design and Detailing of Retaining Walls
Design and Detailing of Retaining Walls
PROJECT BY
Mr. PRADUMN PATHAK
ENDROLLMENT- 0191CE171084
College- T.I.T-E
BATCH- 2017-2021
DESIGN AND DETAILING
OF RETAINING WALLS
Learning Outcomes:
• After this class students will be able to do the complete
design and detailing of different types of retaining walls.
2
RETAINING WALL
GL2
3
Cantilever Retaining wall
with shear key
Batter
Drainage Hole
Toe
4
Photos of Retaining
walls
5
Classification of
Retaining walls
6
Classification of Retaining walls
Backfill Backfill
Tile
Gravity RW drain L-Shaped RW
T-Shaped
RW
Backfill
Counterfort Buttress
Weep
hole
Counterfort RW Buttress RW
7
Earth Pressure (P)
8
Factors affecting earth pressure
⚫ Earth pressure depends on type of backfill,
the height of wall and the soil conditions
9
Analysis for dry back
fills
Maximum pressure at any height, p=kah GL
Total pressure at any height from top,
pa=1/2[kah]h = [kah2]/2 h
H
Bending moment at any height GL Pa
M=paxh/3= [kah3]/6 M
10
⚫ Where, ka= Coefficient of active earth
⚫ pressure = (1-sin)/(1+sin)=tan2
⚫ = 1/kp, coefficient of passive earth pressure
⚫ = Angle of internal friction or angle of
⚫ repose
=Unit weigh or density of backfill
⚫ If = 30, ka=1/3 and kp=3.Thus ka is 9 times
kp
11
Backfill with sloping surface
12
Stability requirements of
RW
⚫ Following conditions must be satisfied for
stability
of wall (IS:456-2000).
13
Check against overturning
As per IS:456-2000,
MR>1.2 MO, ch. DL + 1.4 MO, ch.
IL
0.9 MR 1.4 MO, ch IL
14
Check against Sliding
⚫ As per = ( 0.9W)/Pa
1.4IS:456:2000 Friction W
SLIDING OF WALL
15
Design of Shear key
⚫ In case the wall is
unsafe against sliding
16
Design of Shear key-Contd.,
⚫ If W= Total vertical force acting at the key
base
⚫ = shearing angle of passive resistance
⚫ R= Total passive force = pp x a
⚫ PA=Active horizontal pressure at key base for
H+a
⚫ W=Total frictional force under flat base
17
⚫ FOS= (R + W)/ PA 1.55
Maximum pressure at the toe
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
Pmin.
Pressure below the
Pmax Retaining Wall
18
⚫ Let the resultant R due to W and Pa
⚫ lie at a distance x from the toe.
⚫ X= M/W,
⚫ M = sum of all moments about toe.
20
Preliminary Proportioning
(T shaped wall)
200
⚫ Stem:Top width 200 mm to 400 mm
⚫ Base slab width b= 0.4H to 0.6H,
0.6H to 0.75H for surcharged wall
⚫ Base slab thickness= H/10 to H/14 H
b= 0.4H to 0.6H
21
Behaviour or structural action
⚫ Behaviour or
structural action and
design of stem, heel
and toe slabs are same
as that of any
cantilever slab.
22
Design of Cantilever
RW
⚫ Stem, toe and heel acts as cantilever slabs
⚫ Mu=0.87 fy Ast[d-fyAst/(fckb)]
23
Curtailment of bars
Ldt
αl to h2
25
Design Example Cantilever retaining wall
Solution
Data: h' = 4m, SBC= 200 kN/m2, = 18 kN/m3, μ=0.6, φ=30°
26
Depth of foundation
⚫ To fix the height of retaining wall
200
⚫ H=
[H] h' f
+D
⚫ Depth of
foundation h1
h
H
⚫
sin
sin
⚫ Df =SBC 11
2
Df
b
⚫ = 1.23m say 1.2m
,
⚫ Therefore H=
5.2m 27
Proportioning of wall
⚫ Thickness of base slab=(1/10 200
to1/14)H
⚫ 0.52m to 0.43m, say 450 mm
⚫ Width of base slab=b = (0.5 to 0.6) H=5200 mm
H
⚫ 2.6m to 3.12m say 3m tp= 750 mm
⚫ Toe projection= pj= (1/3 to 450
¼)H b= 3000 mm
⚫ 1m to 0.75m say 0.75m
⚫ Provide 450 mm thickness for the
stem at the base and 200 mm at the
top
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Design of stem
⚫ Ph= ½ x 1/3 x 18 x 4.752=67.68 kN
⚫ M = Ph h/3 = 0.333 x 18 x 4.753/6
⚫ = 107.1 kN-m
⚫ Mu= 1.5 x M = 160.6 kN-m
⚫ cutoff
top
= 3.36-Ld =3.36-47 φ = Ast/2 h2
alternate
bar cut
0.564 = 2.74m
3.36- bar from h1c
⚫ top.
Spacing of bars = 180 mm c/c Ldt
30
Design of stem-Contd.,
⚫ Development length (Stem steel) 200
⚫ Ld=47 φbar =47 x 12 = 564 mm
35
0.75m 0.45m 1.8m
30.16 kN/m2
120.6 kN/m2
97.99
24.1 Design of
22.6
Pressure below the Retaining Wall heel slab
Magnitude, Distance BM, MC,
Load
kN from C, m kN-m
Backfill 153.9 0.9 138.51
0.45x1.8x25
Heel slab 0.9 18.23
= 27.25
Pressure dist. 30.16 x 1.8
0.9 -48.86
rectangle =54.29
Pressure dist. ½ x 24.1 1/3x1.8 -13.01
Triangle x1.8=21.69
Total Load Total ΣMC=94.86
36
Design of heel slab-
Contd., 200
⚫ Mu= 1.5 x 94.86 =142.3
kNm
⚫ Mu/bd 2= 0.89 < 2.76, URS
H=5200 mm
⚫ Pt=0.264% < 0.96%
⚫ Ast= 0.264x1000x400/100
x
⚫ =1056 mm2
⚫ #16@ 190 < 300 mm and 3d ok
x
b= 3000 mm
⚫ Ast provided= 1058mm [0.27%]
⚫ Development
length:
⚫ Ld=47 φbar
⚫ =47 x 16 = 752mm H=5200 mm
⚫ Distribution steel
⚫ Same, #10 @ 140
⚫ < 450 mm and 5d x
ok
Ldt=752
x
38
Design of heel slab-Contd.,
200
⚫ Check for shear at junction (Tension)
⚫ Maximum shear =V=105.17 kN,
⚫ VU,max= 157.76 kN,
41
Design of toe slab-Contd.,
⚫ Check for shear: at d from junction (at xx as
wall is in compression) 200
⚫ Drainage
⚫ 100 mm dia. pipes as weep holes at 3m c/c at bottom
⚫ Also provide 200 mm gravel blanket at the back of the stem for
back drain.
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Drawing and detailing
#12 @ 180
#10 @ 140
#12 @ 90
#16 @ 190
BOTTOM
STEEL
TOP
STEEL
45
Important Points for
drawing
Note
1. Adopt a suitable scale such as 1:20
2. Show all the details and do neat drawing
3. Show the development length for all bars at the junction
4. Name the different parts such as stem, toe, heel,
backfill, weep holes, blanket, etc.,
5. Show the dimensions of all parts
6. Detail the steel in all the drawings
7. Lines with double headed arrows represents the
development lengths in the cross section
46
Design and Detailing of
Counterfort Retaining wall
Stem Counterforts
Toe Heel
Base slab
Cross section Plan
48
Design of Stem
• The stem acts as a continuous slab
• Soil pressure acts as the load on the slab.
• Earth pressure varies linearly over the BF
height
• The slab deflects away from the earth
face between the counterforts
• The bending moment in the stem is
maximum at the base and reduces
towards top.
• But the thickness of the wall is kept
constant and only the area of steel is p=Kaγh
reduced.
49
Maximum Bending moments for stem
50
Design of Toe Slab
⚫ The base width=b = 0.6 H to 0.7 H
⚫ The projection=1/3 to 1/4 of base width.
⚫ The toe slab is subjected to an upward soil
reaction and is designed as a cantilever H
slab fixed at the front face of the stem.
⚫ Reinforcement is provided on earth face along
the length of the toe slab.
⚫ In case the toe slab projection is large i.e. >
b/3, front counterforts are provided above the
toe slab and the slab is designed as a continuous b
horizontal slab spanning between the front
counterforts.
51
Design of Heel Slab
52
Design of Counterforts
• The counterforts are subjected to
outward reaction from the stem.
• This produces tension along the outer
sloping face of the counterforts.
• The inner face supporting the stem is in
compression. Thus counterforts are
designed as a T-beam of varying depth.
• The main steel provided along the sloping C T
face shall be anchored properly at both
ends. d
• The depth of the
perpendicular counterfort
to the sloping is measured
side.
53
Behaviour of Counterfort
RW
-M
+M Important points
•Loads on Wall
COUNTERFORT •Deflected shape
STEM
•Nature of BMs
•Position of steel
-M
•Counterfort details
HEEL SLAB
TOE +M
54