Arificial Intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence
Areas of AI and Some Dependencies

Knowledge
Search Logic Representation
Machine
Planning
Learning
Expert
NLP Vision Robotics Systems
What is Artificial intelligence
It is the theory And development of computer systems Able
to perform Tasks Normally requiring human intelligence
Such as visual perception, speech recognition Decision
making And translation between languages
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
 making computers that think?
 the automation of activities we associate with human thinking,
like decision making, learning ... ?
 the art of creating machines that perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by people ?
 the study of mental faculties through the use of computational
models ?
 the study of computations that make it possible to perceive,
reason and act ?
 a field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent
behaviour in terms of computational processes ?
 a branch of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behaviour ?
 anything in Computing Science that we don't yet know how
to do properly ? (!)
THOUGHT Systems that thinkSystems that think

like humans rationally
Systems that act Systems that act

BEHAVIOUR like humans rationally
HUMAN RATIONAL
Systems that act like humans:
Turing Test
“The art of creating machines that perform functions

that require intelligence when performed by people.”
(Kurzweil)
“The study of how to make computers do things at
which, at the moment, people are better.” (Rich and
Knight)
Systems that act like humans
?
You enter a room which has a computer terminal.
You have a fixed period of time to type what you
want into the terminal, and study the replies. At
the other end of the line is either a human being
or a computer system.
If it is a computer system, and at the end of the
period you cannot reliably determine whether it
is a system or a human, then the system is
deemed to be intelligent.
The Turing Test approach

a human questioner cannot tell if
 there is a computer or a human answering his question, via
teletype (remote communication)
The computer must behave intelligently
Intelligent behavior
to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive
tasks
 These cognitive tasks include:
 Natural language processing
 for communication with human
 Knowledge representation
 to store information effectively & efficiently
 Automated reasoning
 to retrieve & answer questions using the stored information
Machine learning
 to adapt to new circumstances
The total Turing Test
Includes two more issues:
 Computer vision
to perceive objects (seeing)
 Robotics
to move objects (acting)
Systems that think ‘rationally’
"laws of thought"
Humans are not always ‘rational’
Rational - defined in terms of logic?
Logic can’t express everything (e.g. uncertainty)
Logical approach is often not feasible in terms of
computation time (needs ‘guidance’)
“The study of mental facilities through the use of
computational models” (Charniak and McDermott)
“The study of the computations that make it
possible to perceive, reason, and act” (Winston)
Systems that act rationally:
“Rational agent”
Rational behavior: doing the right thing

The right thing: that which is expected to maximize
goal achievement, given the available information
Giving answers to questions is ‘acting’.
I don't care whether a system:
replicates human thought processes
makes the same decisions as humans
uses purely logical reasoning
Systems that act rationally
Logic  only part of a rational agent, not all of
rationality
Sometimes logic cannot reason a correct conclusion
At that time, some specific (in domain) human
knowledge or information is used
Thus, it covers more generally different situations
of problems
Compensate the incorrectly reasoned conclusion
Systems that act rationally
Study AI as rational agent –
2 advantages:
It is more general than using logic only
 Because: LOGIC + Domain knowledge
It allows extension of the approach with more scientific
methodologies
Artificial
Produced by human art or effort, rather than originating
naturally.
Intelligence
is the ability to acquire knowledge and use it"
[Pigford and Baur]
So AI was defined as:
AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be
intelligent.
AI is the part of computer science concerned with design
of computer systems that exhibit human
intelligence(From the Concise Oxford Dictionary)
From the above two definitions, we can see that AI has
two major roles:
Study the intelligent part concerned with humans.
Represent those actions using computers.
Goals of AI
To make computers more useful by letting them take
over dangerous or tedious tasks from human
Understand principles of human intelligence
The Foundation of AI
Philosophy
At that time, the study of human intelligence began with
no formal expression
Initiate the idea of mind as a machine and its internal
operations
Mathematics formalizes the three main area of AI:
computation, logic, and probability
Computation leads to analysis of the problems that can
be computed
 complexity theory
Probability contributes the “degree of belief” to handle
uncertainty in AI
Decision theory combines probability theory and utility
theory (bias)
Psychology
How do humans think and act?
The study of human reasoning and acting
Provides reasoning models for AI
Strengthen the ideas
 humans and other animals can be considered as information
processing machines
Computer Engineering
How to build an efficient computer?
Provides the artifact that makes AI application possible
The power of computer makes computation of large and
difficult problems more easily
AI has also contributed its own work to computer
science, including: time-sharing, the linked list data type,
OOP, etc.
Control theory and Cybernetics
How can artifacts operate under their own control?
The artifacts adjust their actions
 To do better for the environment over time
 Based on an objective function and feedback from the
environment
Not limited only to linear systems but also other
problems
 as language, vision, and planning, etc.
Linguistics
For understanding natural languages
 different approaches has been adopted from the linguistic work
Formal languages
Syntactic and semantic analysis
Knowledge representation
The main topics in AI
Artificial intelligence can be considered under a number of
headings:
Search (includes Game Playing).
Representing Knowledge and Reasoning with it.
Planning.
Learning.
Natural language processing.
Expert Systems.
Interacting with the Environment
(e.g. Vision, Speech recognition, Robotics)
We won’t have time in this course to consider all of these.
Some Advantages of Artificial
Intelligence
more powerful and more useful computers

new and improved interfaces
solving new problems
better handling of information
relieves information overload
conversion of information into knowledge
The Disadvantages
increased costs
difficulty with software development - slow and expensive
few experienced programmers
few practical products have reached the market as yet.
Planning
Given a set of goals, construct a sequence of actions that achieves
those goals:
 often very large search space
 but most parts of the world are independent of most other parts
 often start with goals and connect them to actions
 no necessary connection between order of planning and order of
execution
 what happens if the world changes as we execute the plan and/or
our actions don’t produce the expected results?
Learning
If a system is going to act truly appropriately, then it must
be able to change its actions in the light of experience:
how do we generate new facts from old ?
how do we generate new concepts ?
how do we learn to distinguish different
situations in new environments ?
Interacting with the Environment
In order to enable intelligent behaviour, we will
have to interact with our environment.
Properly intelligent systems may be expected to:
accept sensory input
vision, sound, …
interact with humans
understand language, recognise speech,
generate text, speech and graphics, …
modify the environment
robotics
History of AI
 AI has a long history
 Ancient Greece
 Aristotle
 Historical Figures Contributed
 Ramon Lull
 Al Khowarazmi
 Leonardo da Vinci
 David Hume
 George Boole
 Charles Babbage
 John von Neuman
 As old as electronic computers themselves (c1940)
History of AI
Origins
The Dartmouth conference: 1956
 John McCarthy (Stanford)
 Marvin Minsky (MIT)
 Herbert Simon (CMU)
 Allen Newell (CMU)
 Arthur Samuel (IBM)
The Turing Test (1950)
“Machines who Think”
By Pamela McCorckindale
AI Applications
Autonomous Planning
& Scheduling:
Autonomous rovers.
AI Applications
Autonomous Planning & Scheduling:
Telescope scheduling
AI Applications
Autonomous Planning & Scheduling:
Analysis of data:
AI Applications
Medicine:
Image guided surgery
AI Applications
Medicine:
Image analysis and enhancement
AI Applications
Transportation:
Autonomous
vehicle control:
AI Applications
Transportation:
Pedestrian detection:
AI Applications
Games:
AI Applications
Games:
AI Applications
Robotic toys:
AI Applications
Other application areas:
 Bioinformatics:
 Gene expression data analysis
 Prediction of protein structure
 Text classification, document sorting:
 Web pages, e-mails
 Articles in the news
 Video, image classification
 Music composition, picture drawing
 Natural Language Processing .
 Perception.

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Artificial Intelligence

Areas of AI and Some Dependencies

THOUGHT Systems that thinkSystems that think

Systems that act Systems that act

“The art of creating machines that perform functions

The Turing Test approach

Rational behavior: doing the right thing

more powerful and more useful computers

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