6.7 Ipv4 Datagram: Presented By: Shubhangi Desai

6.
7 IPv4 DATAGRAM
Presented by : Shubhangi Desai

What is IP?
IP – Internet Protocol
Work on network layer
Connectionless
Packets may take different path
Packets may arrive out of order
Packets may be discarded when network resources are
exhausted
What is IP Datagram?
 IP Datagram is fundamental unit of information passed
across any network utilizing Internet Protocol
Header Area
Data Area
 IP Datagram contains source & destination addresses

along with data & number of fields that define things such
as length of datagram, header, checksum & flags
 IP datagram is transported from one network to

another (encapsulated in network frame)
IP Datagram
Datagram
Data in the Datagram
Header
IP Datagram
Frame
Complete Datagram treated as data
Header
MAC Frame
Datagram Format
Version
Size : 4 bits
 Identifies the version of IP used to generate the
datagram
 For IPv4, this is of course the number 4
The purpose of this field is to ensure compatibility
between devices that may be running different versions
of IP
A device running an older version of IP will reject
datagram created by newer implementations,
Header Length
Size : 4 bits
Specifies the length of the IP header, in 32-bit words
Includes the length of any options fields and padding.
The normal value of this field when no options are
used is 5 (5 32-bit words = 5*4 = 20 bytes or octats)
Type of Service (TOS)
TOS describes how the packet should be handled in
transit in terms of speed v/s reliability v/s throughput
Precedence : Specifies
importance of datagram
(also known as code points)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
7
Delay : Set to 1 – low delay
Throughput: Set to 1 – high throughput
Reliability: Set to 1 – high reliability
Total Length
Size: 16 bits (2 bytes)
Specifies the total length of the IP datagram, in bytes
This field is 16 bits wide, the maximum length of an IP
datagram is 65,535 bytes
Identification
Size: 16 bits (2 bytes)
Uniquely identifies the datagram
Usually incremented by 1 each time a datagram is sent.
All fragments of a datagram contain the same
identification value.
This allows the destination host to determine which
fragment belongs to which datagram
IP Fragmentation - Encapsulation
When a host or router handles a datagram, the IP software
determines the next hop to which the datagram should be sent.
Encapsulation applies to one transmission at a time. When the

frame arrives at the next hop, the IP datagram is removed and
the frame discarded.
If the datagram most be forwarded across another network, a
new frame is created and the encapsulation is repeated
Encapsulation (cont…)
Hosts and routers store the datagram in memory; when
transmitted it is encapsulated in a frame suitable for
the network. Each hardware technology specifies the
maximum amount of data that a frame can carry. This
is called the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU).
Host H2 can only transmit
datagram containing 1,000
octets or less to router R
can forward across network 1.
However, if host H1 transmits a 1,500-octet datagram,
router R cannot send it across network 2.
Fragmentation
IP uses a technique called fragmentation to solve the
problem of heterogeneous MTUs.
When a datagram is larger than the MTU of the
network over which it must be sent, it is divided into
smaller fragments which are each sent separately
Fragmentation (cont…)
When an IP datagram is fragmented, each fragment is
treated as a separate datagram
It is reassembles at the final destination, not at a router!!!
Why so? Because it may possible that router needs to
fragment it once again
Each fragment has its own header
Identification number is copied to each fragment
Flags
0 : Reserved (not used)
1 (DF) : Set to 1. Specifies datagram
should not be fragmented
0 1 2
2 (MF) : Set to 0. Specifies last fragment
in message.
Set to 1. Specifies more fragments are yet to come.
Note: If DF is set to 1 then surely there will be only a

single “fragment” so MF will always be set to 0
Fragment Offset
Size: 13 bits
Reflects the position of the fragment within its original
datagram
At receiver side the process of reconstructing the
original datagram is called as REASSEMBLY.
The FRAGMENT OFFSET field tells the receiver
how to order the fragments
Time to Live (TTL)
Size: 8 bits
The TIME TO LIVE field specifies how long (in
seconds) a datagram is allowed to remain on the
Internet system.
If this field is zero, the packet is destroyed
Usually decremented by one when passed from one
hop to the next
Protocol
Size: 8 bits
Uses some IDs to define datagram is using which
protocol
Note : just for information
UDP uses the number 17
TCP uses 6
 ICMP uses 1
 IGRP uses 88
And so on…
Header Checksum
Checksum is computed only on the header which
reduces processing time
Checksum is applied to only the values of header
field of datagram, NOT DATA
Source & Destination IP Address
Size: 32 bits (each)
IP address of ultimate sending & receiving host of the
packets
Options & Padding
Size: depending on which options are selected
Any Questions

6.7 Ipv4 Datagram: Presented By: Shubhangi Desai

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6.7 Ipv4 Datagram: Presented By: Shubhangi Desai

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6.

Presented by : Shubhangi Desai

 IP Datagram contains source & destination addresses

 IP datagram is transported from one network to

Encapsulation applies to one transmission at a time. When the

Note: If DF is set to 1 then surely there will be only a

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