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Hallucinations: Soundarya. A - N Roll No.: 112

Hallucinations are false sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli. They are classified by sensory modality and include auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile hallucinations. Auditory hallucinations involving hearing voices are most common. Treatment focuses on addressing any underlying conditions through medication and managing symptoms with antipsychotics.

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133 views

Hallucinations: Soundarya. A - N Roll No.: 112

Hallucinations are false sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli. They are classified by sensory modality and include auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile hallucinations. Auditory hallucinations involving hearing voices are most common. Treatment focuses on addressing any underlying conditions through medication and managing symptoms with antipsychotics.

Uploaded by

Jayashree govera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HALLUCINATIONS

SOUNDARYA. A . N
Roll no. : 112
OBJECTIVES :

 Definition
 Classification
 Investigations
 Treatment
DEFINITION :

 False sensory perceptions occurring in the absence of


any relevant external stimulation of the sensory
modality involved.
CLASSIFICATION :
 Depending on sensory modality :
1) Auditory hallucinations
2) Visual hallucinations
3) Olfactory hallucinations
4) Gustatory hallucinations
5) Tactile hallucinations
6) Vestibular hallucinations
7) Deep sensations
1) AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS:

 This is the most common form of hallucinations and


refers to the perception of sound without auditory
stimulus.

 In this, the patients often hear voices talking to them but


it may also take form of whistling or hissing.

 Seen in schizophrenia ,organic states such as delirium


and dementia.
 Imperative hallucinations – Here, hallucinatory voices
gives command to the patient, who may or may not
act upon them.

 2nd person hallucinations – Here, the voices appears to


address the patient in the second person .

 3rd person hallucinations – giving running commentary


about the patient to a second person.
2) VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS:

 Here a person sees a person or object


that does not exist.

 Several conditions can cause visual


hallucinations which include dementia,
migraine and drug or alcohol addiction.
3) OLFACTORY HALLUCINATIONS:

 These hallucinations involve smelling odours that do not


exist.

 The odours are usually unpleasant such as vomit, urine,


feces, smoke or rotten flesh.

 This condition is also called as phantosmia and can occur


as a result of neurological damage to the olfactory
system.
4) GUSTATORY HALLUCINATIONS:

 These hallucinations cause a person to taste


something that is not present.

 Seen in schizophrenia as well as in acute organic


states.
5) TACTILE HALLUCINATIONS:

 Experiences the feeling of touch in the absence of such


tactile sensory input.

 Sensation of bugs crawling over skin.

 Associated with substance abuse like cocaine or


amphetamine.
Depending on complexity :

1) Simple – single sensory modality involved

2) Complex – multiple sensory modality involved


Depending on organisation :

1) Unformed – sparks of light,noises

2) Formed – voices accusing the patient


Depending on reality value :

1) False hallucinations – the patient is aware of unreality of his perception

2) True hallucinations – have reality value


SPECIAL TYPES:

 Hypnagogic and hypnapompic hallucinations


 Functional hallucinations
 Reflex hahallucinations
 Extracampaign hallucinations
 Paranoramic or scenic hallucinations
Treatment :

 Treatment of underlying condition such as delirium, schizophrenia,


mania or psychotic depression.

 Antipsychotic medication (such as Haloperidol, Risperidone or


Olanzapine), and is often used with other sedating medication (such
as Benzodiazepine).
Reference :

 Kaplon and Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (11th edition)


 Niraj Ahuja’s short textbook of psychiatry (7th edition)
 Davidson’s principles and practice of medicine (23rd edition)

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