Topic 5 Concept of Computer Graphics

Topic 5 Concept of
Computer Graphics
• Introduction
• Output Primitives and Attributes
• Two dimensional Viewing
• Graphical User Interfaces
• Three Dimensional Concepts
• Three Dimensional Display in Nuclear
Medicine
Computer Graphics
• Everything on computers that is not text or
sound.
• Computer graphics as drawing pictures on
computers.
• Nuclear Medicine uses computer graphics
to display images
Graphic Software
• General Programming Package (Graphic
Library in C etc)
• Application Package (For None-
programmer)
• Modelling Transformation=>World
Coordinates=>Normalised Coordinates
User Graphic Interface
• Consist of windows, pull-down and pop-up
menus, icons, pointing device.
• Popular graphic user interface: X windows, MS
windows, Macintosh, OpenLook and Motif
• Graphic package: Specialised interactive dialogue
• General Graphic Package: interface to standard
window system: PHIGS for X windows.
User Graphic Interface
Output Attributes
Transformation Pipeline
Display Processor in
Graphic System
From Object Model
to Display Device
Object Rendering
Basic Building Blocks
For Pictures
• Output Primitives
– Characters,
– Geometric Entities.
– Lines,
– Filled Areas,
– Colours
– Polygons
Output Primitives -
Lines and Points
Output Primitives - Circles
Output Primitives - Polygon
Properties of the Output
Primitives
• How it is displayed:
– Intensity
– Colour
– Style
– Pattern
Geometric Transformation
• Change size, position or orientation:

– translation
– rotation
– scaling
• Altering or Manipulating Display
Transformations
Transformations
Two Dimensional Viewing
• Specify which part of the picture
– which part of the picture
– where to put the picture
• Algorithms
– Point Clipping
– Line Clipping
– Polygon Clipping
– Text Clipping
Two Dimensional Viewing
3D Object Representation
• Object Boundaries:
– Plane,
– Curved Surfaces
• Object Interiors:
• Solid Objects:
– Boundary Representation
– Space-partition Representation
3D Object Representation
3D Transformation
• Transformation
– translation, rotation, scaling
• Rotation in 3D
– a composite of 3 rotations
• X-axis rotation
3D Transformation
3D Display
• View an object from any spatial position:

front, top etc.
• Projection onto a flat viewing surface.
3D Display
Projection
• Specify a view plane
• Projections
– Parallel
– Perspective
• Projection transformation
• Clipping
Parallel Projection
Perspective Projection
Different Viewing Directions
Changing of Reference Point
3D Surface
• 3D Surface Detection:
– Identify the visible surface
– example: ray-casting method
• Depth Cueing
– the intensity of lines decreases from the front to
the back of the object.
3D Surface Detection
Depth Cueing
Types of Depth Cues
• Stereoscopic display (different image for
different eye)
• Hidden lines/surface removal
• Depth weighting (less intensity for distant
object)
• Illumination (surface lighting)
• Rotation (cine loops)
Surface Illumination
• Surface illumination:
– the intensity of light that we should see.
• Surface rendering algorithm
– calculation of the light based on physical laws.
– Radiosity algorithm: based on the propagation
of radiant energy between the surface and the
source.
Surface Illumination
Shading Techniques
Reflection and Transparency
Radiosity
Lighting Conditions
Colours in Computer Graphics
Colour Models
• Colour Model:
– The method for explaining the properties or
behaviour of colour within some particular
context.
• RGB Model:
– based on tristimulus theory
Colour Models
Grey Scale
Logarithmic & Exponential
Colour Translation
Pseudo Colour Display
True Colour Display
3D Display in Nuclear
Medicine
• Slice-and-Dice Display
– orthogonal slices, oblique slices
• Ray Tracing – Volume Rendering
- summed projection, maximum activity projection,
volumeric compositing.
• Surface Rendering
– polygon tiling, binary voxel rendering.
• Mapping
– Bull’s eye, cylindrical display
Slice-and-Dice
Ray Tracing
Surface Rendering
Volume Rendering
Bull’s Eye Mapping
Clinical Applications in
Nuclear Medicine
• Hot Spot Imaging
– Volume rendering with maximum activity projection
• Cardiac Imaging
– Perfusion imaging(Bull’s eye), surface rendering with colour.
– Functional imaging (oxygen consumption), colouring blood-pool
surface.
– Gated Blood Pool Studies: cine display, surface rendering,
maximum activity projection.
• Brains.

Topic 5 Concept of Computer Graphics

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Topic 5 Concept of Computer Graphics

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Topic 5 Concept of

• Change size, position or orientation:

• View an object from any spatial position:

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