Introduction to Logic

Circuit & Digital

Electronics

ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.

Associate Professor V
Subject Professor

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus
Polytechnic School
COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

1.Attendance is 80% of total contact hours for the course.

2.Must pass all quizzes, prelim, midterm and final examination.
3.Perform and submit all class activities.
4.Class participation

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 Digital electronics is the world of
the calculator, the computer, the
integrated circuit, and the binary
numbers 0 and 1. This is an exciting
field within electronics because the
uses for digital circuits are
expanding so rapidly. One small
integrated circuit (IC) can perform
the task of thousands of transistors,
diodes, and resistors. You see
digital circuits in operation every
day.
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 At stores the cash registers read out
digital displays. The tiny pocket
calculators verge on becoming personal
computers. All sizes of computers
perform complicated tasks with
fantastic speed and accuracy. Factory
machines are controlled by digital
circuits. Digital clocks and watches flash
the time. Some automobiles uses
microprocessors to control several
engine functions. Technicians use digital
voltmeters and frequency counters.
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 All persons working in
electronics must now
understand digital
electronic circuits. The
inexpensive integrated
circuit has made the
subject of digital
electronics easy to
study. You will use
many integrated
circuits to construct
digital circuits.
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 Application of Digital Circuits

A digital circuit is a type of circuit that

operates on different logic gates. The logic
gates are used to differentiate between
various power signals. It can be used to
transmit the power signal to the different
parts of the electronic device through
various gates. This will help to create an
output signal which is directly proportional
to the energy level of the input signals. Most
of these circuits consist of analog
components. They have a more complex
design as compared to that of analog
circuits.
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 A digital circuit comprises various components
each of which is used to perform a specific
task. These components are of two types:
active components and passive components.
The active components are the diodes and
transistors while the passive components are
the registers, inductors, capacitors, etc. Along
with that, a power source is also required
which is used to provide DC power supply to
the circuit. Various measurement and analysis
instruments can also be implemented in the
circuit.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 Here, are some of the basic
components of an electronic
circuit:

Diodes: Diodes are used to

allow the flow of current in a
particular direction only.
Diodes are made up of
semiconductor materials.

Transistor. Transistor is
basically a semiconductor
device that has three
terminals. It can be used as an
amplifier or a switching device.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 Resistor: A resistor is a passive
component that is used to oppose the
flow of current in a circuit. Resistors
follow Ohm’s law. Resistors are of two
types: Fixed resistors and variable
resistors. 

In a fixed resistor, we are not able to

alter the value of resistance. 

In a variable resistor, the value of

resistance can be changed as per our
requirement.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 Capacitor: A capacitor consists of two
conducting plates between which
there is an insulator. Capacitors are
mainly used to store electrical energy
in an electric field.

Inductors: Inductors are used to store

electric energy in a magnetic field. It is
also used to resist changes in current.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 Battery: Battery is another
important component of an
electronic circuit which is used as a
source of power. A battery
converts chemical energy into
electrical energy. 

Logic Gates: Logic gates are the

most basic components of a digital
circuit. They have two or more
inputs and they produce one
output.
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 Basic gates: In this type of gates,
we can represent the boolean
functions either in the sum of
products form or in the product of
sums form. The basic logic gates
are AND, OR and NOT gates.

Universal gates: These are the

logic gates using which all other
gates can be constructed. NAND
and NOR are the two universal
gates.
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 Special gates: EX-OR and EX-NOR
are the two special gates as they
are the two special cases of OR
and NOR gates.

Switch: A switch is another

component of an electric that is
capable of regulating the flow of
electric current through the
circuit.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
Digital Circuit Design

Digital circuits can be designed using the various

components which are generally used in the circuit. 
Here, we have shown a simple circuit consisting of a
few important components. The following circuit has
a diode, a resistor, an inductor, a capacitor, and a
power supply.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
Advantages of Digital Circuits
•A digital circuit can be used to rectify noise
and produce correct signals. 
•As digital circuits are made up of basic logic
gates, they are not very expensive.
•Digital circuits can be used for precise
representation of the circuit
•Switching time is much faster as compared
to that of analog circuits.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
Disadvantages of Digital Circuits

•Digital circuits consume more energy as

compared to any other circuits.
•Digital circuits require a power supply.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
Applications of Digital Circuits

•Digital circuits are a part of all important electronic

devices.
•It can be used for designing the display of your
watch or a countdown timer.
•We use digital circuits in complex processes like
Rocket Science and Quantum Computing.
•Digital circuits are also used in traffic lights and
automatic glass doors in offices and restaurants.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 Uses of Digital Electronics

Electronic designers and technicians must have a working

knowledge of both analog and digital systems.

The designer must decide if the system will use analog or

digital techniques or a combination of both.

The technicians must build a prototype or troubleshoot

and repair digital, analog, and combined systems

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 Analog electronics
systems have been more
popular in the past. “Real-
world” information
dealing with time, speed,
weight, pressure, light
intensity, and position
measurements are all
analog in nature.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 Digital systems are
required when data
must be stored, used
for calculations, or
displayed as
numbers and/or
letters.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
Some of the advantages given for using digital circuitry instead
of analog are as follows:

1. Inexpensive ICs can be used with few external components.

2. Information can be stored for short periods or indefinitely.
3. Data can be used for precise calculations.
4. Systems can be designed more easily using compatible digital
logic families.
5. Systems can be programmed and show some manner of
“intelligence.”

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
The limitations of digital circuitry are as follows:
1. Most “real-world” events are analog in nature.
2. Analog processing is usually simpler and faster.
 
Digital circuits are appearing in more and
more products primarily because of low-cost,
reliable digital ICs. Other reasons for their growing
popularity are accuracy, added stability, computer
compatibility, memory, ease of use, and simplicity of
design.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
Making a Digital Signal

Digital signals are composed of two well-defined

voltage levels. For most of the circuits you will use,
these voltage level will be about 0 V (GND) and +3 to
+5 V. these are called TTL voltage levels because
they are used with the transistor-transistor logic
family of IC’s.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 Testing Digital Signal

A handy portable device used to

determine logic level named logic probe.
A student can be assembled by student.
To use this logic probe for measuring
TTL logic level, consider this steps.

1.Connect the red power lead to the +5V

of the circuit under test.

2. Connect the black (GND) power lead

to the GND of the circuit under test.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 3. Connect the third lead (TTL)
to GND of the circuit under
test.

4. Touch the probe tip to the

point in the digital circuit to be
tested.

5. One of the LED indicator

should light. If both light, the
tip is disconnected from the
circuit or the point is in the
undefined region between high
and low.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
• The logic probe can also use for complementary
metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic families,
with the TTL power lead left disconnected. The
red power lead is connected to positive +5V, and
black lead (GND) to the ground. Touch the probe
tip to the test point. The LED indicators tell the
CMOS logic level if its HIGH or LOW.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
A schematic diagram for logic probe is shown using
555 timer IC. The 555 IC uses power from 5V to 18V.
TTL operates at 5V while CMOS used as high as 15V.

The input to the logic probe enters pin 2 and 6 of

555 IC. If voltage is LOW, bottom LED D6 lights. If
input is HIGH, the top LED D5 lights. Note that pin 3
always goes to the opposite logic level of the input. If
the input (pins 2 and 6) , the output (pin 3) goes
LOW. This in turn activates and lights the top LED
(HIGH).

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
 The four silicon
diodes (D1 –D4)
protect the IC for
reverse polarity.
Capacitor C1
prevents transient
voltage when TTL
probe is not
connected. Pin 5 is
grounded through
resistor R1.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
Frequently Asked Questions

1). What are digital circuits used for?

A digital circuit is used for the transmission of power
to an electronic device. It can be used to perform
different operations based on the input which is
given to the electronic circuit.

2). How does digital circuit work?

A digital circuit works on discrete values only which
are either 0 or 1. An analog to digital converter can
be used to convert the analog signal to digital values.
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
3). What makes a circuit digital?
A circuit that produces a digital signal is called a digital circuit. It
works on discrete values. Digital circuits are required in all-
important electronic devices like mobile phones, calculators
and computers.

4). What is a circuit made of?

A digital circuit is made up of different types of logic gates.
Digital circuits are made up of two types of components which
are active components and passive components. Some of the
important components of a digital circuit are resistors, 
transistors, inductors, capacitors and many more.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
5). Why do we use circuits?

Circuits can be used for performing multiple tasks.

You can also use circuits to supplement non-
electrical sources. Electric circuits are mainly used
for transporting electric power to different electronic
devices.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
Recommended learning materials and resources for
supplementary reading.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbFqZk9Pyfg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0mx8S05v60&list=PLBln
K6fEyqRjMH3mWf6kwqiTbT798eAOm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UTOTgbJ_8E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fwj_d3uO5g8

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus ROMEL B. CRISTOBAL, Ed.D., Ph.D.
Polytechnic School Associate Professor IV
Questions???